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Fig. 3. PE is a necessary condition for reconsolidation. (A to C) Mean startle responses to the CS1 and CS2 trials during acquisition, reactivation, extinction, and reinstatement test. Propranolol affected the startle response in both (A) the negative PE group (n = 15 participants) and (C) the positive PE group (n =15 participants) but not in (B) the no PE group (n = 15 participants). Error bars represent SEM. fear expression (5, 16). In addition, a certain reactivation procedure may induce plasticity after one but not another learning procedure. We have demonstrated that PE can be used as an independent measure of memory destabilization. When there was no modification of CS-US expectancies from acquisition to test, the memory trace was not updated. We believe that at least in the current protocol, it would be difficult to assess PE-driven learning at the moment of reactivation given that a small decrease in CS-US expectancies during the memory retrieval session itself would already induce extinction learning. Then, updating may no longer affect the original memory trace but—as a result of the small degree of similarity between acquisition and retrieval—instate the formation of a new extinction memory. Because reconsolidation of memory traces corresponding to different response systems (amygdala-dependent startle potentiation and hippocampal-dependent declarative memory) calls for different reactivation conditions (9, 10), we are now capable of independently assessing the prerequisite for fear memory destabilization in humans in a noninvasive manner. Conditions that were previously regarded as constraints on reconsolidation (such as too little or too much similarity) may be resolved by taking into account PE during memory retrieval. The assessment of PE provides a feasible tool to develop and optimize reconsolidationbased treatments for patients suffering from chronic relapsing disorders such as anxiety disorders and substance-abuse disorders. References and Notes 1. K. Nader, G. E. Schafe, J. E. Le Doux, Nature 406, 722 (2000). 2. M. Kindt, M. Soeter, B. Vervliet, Nat. Neurosci. 12, 256 (2009). 3. R. G. Morris et al., Neuron 50, 479 (2006). 4. M. E. Pedreira, L. M. Pérez-Cuesta, H. Maldonado, Learn. Mem. 11, 579 (2004). 5. D. Sevenster, T. Beckers, M. Kindt, Neurobiol. Learn. Mem. 97, 338 (2012). 6. R. A. Rescorla, A. R. Wagner, in Classical Conditioning II: Current Research and Theory, A.H.Black,W.F.Prokasy, Eds. (Appleton-Century-Crofts, New York, 1972), pp. 64–99. 7. P. Waelti, A. Dickinson, W. Schultz, Nature 412, 43 (2001). 8. J. L. Lee, Nat. Neurosci. 11, 1264 (2008). 9. M. Soeter, M. Kindt, Neurobiol. Learn. Mem. 30, 4990 (2010). 10. M. Soeter, M. Kindt, Neuropsychopharmacology 37, 1204 (2012). 11. K. Nader, O. Hardt, Nat. Rev. 10, 224 (2009). 12. J. C. Biedenkapp, J. W. Rudy, Behav. Neurosci. 118, 956 (2004). 13. A. Hupbach, O. Hardt, R. Gomez, L. Nadel, Learn. Mem. 15, 574 (2008). 14. M. Bos, T. Beckers, M. Kindt, Biol. Psychol. 89, 598 (2012). 15. P. S. Finnie, K. Nader, Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev. 36, 1667 (2012). 16. C. Ben Mamou, K. Gamache, K. Nader, Nat. Neurosci. 9, 1237 (2006). Acknowledgments: The authors thank B. Molenkamp for his technical assistance. This study was funded by a Vici grant (M.K.) from the Netherlands Organization for Scientific Research. T.B. is supported by a Vidi grant from the Netherlands Organization for Scientific Research. D.S. collected and analyzed the data. D.S. and M.K. wrote the manuscript. Supplementary Materials www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/full/339/6121/830/DC1 Materials and Methods Tables S1 and S2 References 10 October 2012; accepted 13 December 2012 10.1126/science.1231357 REPORTS www.sciencemag.org SCIENCE VOL 339 15 FEBRUARY 2013 833 Downloaded from www.sciencemag.org on February 14, 2013
Gordon Research Conferences 2013 “Session II” Meetings will be held between June and August in New England in the United States, and internationally in Italy, Switzerland and Hong Kong, China. A list of preliminary programs appears on the following 22 pages. For detailed programs, fees, site/travel information and online application, visit our web site at www.grc.org. Gordon Research Conferences is proud to announce the establishment of a registered charitable organization in Hong Kong: Gordon Research Conferences (Hong Kong) Limited The GRC expansion in Hong Kong aims to improve scientifi c collaborations around the world, increase networking opportunities and facilitate advancements in new scientifi c fi elds. These 7 NEW meetings are scheduled to take place in Hong Kong in 2013. More details are available in the program listings on the following pages. Germinal Stem Cell Biology July 14-19, 2013 The Chinese University of Hong Kong Hong Kong, China Chair: Wai-Yee Chan Infections of the Nervous System Pathogenesis and Worldwide Impact July 7-12, 2013 The Chinese University of Hong Kong Hong Kong, China Chair: Roberto Bruzzone Marine Molecular Ecology August 11-16, 2013 Hong Kong University of Science and Technology Hong Kong, China Chairs: Pei-Yuan Qian & Roberto G. Kolter Nano-Mechanical Interfaces Multiphysics Theory and Experiments August 4-9, 2013 Hong Kong University of Science and Technology Hong Kong, China Chair: Alfonso Ngan Posttranslational Modifi cation Networks Phosphosignaling July 28 - August 2, 2013 Hong Kong University of Science and Technology Hong Kong, China Chair: Ning Li Spin Dynamics in Nanostructures August 18-23, 2013 Hong Kong University of Science and Technology Hong Kong, China Chair: Xiang Rong Wang T Follicular Helper Cells Basic Discoveries and Clinical Applications July 21-26, 2013 The Chinese University of Hong Kong Hong Kong, China Chair: Chen Dong on February 14, 2013 www.sciencemag.org Downloaded from
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