Dog Owner's Home Veterinary Handbook.pdf - Mr. Walnuts

580 •DOG OWNER’S HOME VETERINARY HANDBOOK
Phosphorus. Abnormal levels of this mineral indicate parathyroid
problems, kidney problems, and possible dietary inadequacies.
Potassium. This mineral is very important for muscle and nerve functions
and for proper regulation of the heart. Kidney failure, an
obstructed bladder, Addison’s disease, and antifreeze poisoning can all
increase potassium levels.
Sodium. This mineral is important for normal muscle and nerve function.
Levels can be affected by vomiting and diarrhea, and by Addison’s
disease.
Total protein. This is a measure of the proteins in the blood, including
albumin and globulins (which are associated with infections and
inflammations). High levels can occur in dogs with dehydration or
immune stimulation. Low levels may indicate liver problems.
Urinalysis
Urinalysis involves looking at a urine specimen. Urine samples may be collected
as a “free catch” when the dog is voiding or by using a catheter or a
needle inserted directly into the bladder. The last two methods are much better
if an infection is suspected, because the sample collected is sterile and any
bacteria cultured from it is likely to be the culprit.
The urine is checked for certain components, such as glucose and pH.
Concentration and the presence of any cells are also evaluated. Some of this is
done with a specially coated test strip that gives a range for results and some
is done with special instruments.
Dilute urine may mean kidney problems or increased drinking. Concentrated
urine could mean dehydration or liver or kidney problems.
The urine is checked for glucose, indicating diabetes mellitus, and for protein,
indicating kidney damage. The pH will tell if the urine is acidic or alkaline,
which can be influenced by diet and may cause bladder crystals or stones
to form.
The urine is also spun in a centrifuge and the cells collected and examined.
The presence of red blood cells or white blood cells may indicate infections or
damage to the urinary tract. Crystals suggest stone formation. Bacteria can
indicate infection, in which case the sample may also be cultured to look for
bacterial infections.