the beginnings of ottoman-german partnership - Bilkent University

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would only be responsible to Wilhelm II, but as an Ottoman admiral he would be responsible to the Sultan. “If an incident should occur, the Porte would declare that Souchon had overstepped his authority, that he had been forbidden to do anything against Russia”. 238 Despite efforts by most cabinet ministers including the Grand Vizier to prevent immediate Ottoman entry into the war, 239 Enver Paşa eased the way to achieve the German aims. On September 26, after the British ships which had patrolled the Dardanelles entrance since the Goeben and Breslau had entered, stopped an Ottoman torpedo boat soon after it left Ottoman waters, he personally ordered that the Dardanelles closed to all ships. 240 The Ottomans also began to lay mines at the entrance to the Dardanelles. Furthermore, “on October 1 the Ottoman customs duties, traditionally controlled by the powers through the Capitulations, were unilaterally increased by four percent”. 241 Enver Paşa, “the war minister, was confident that the empire was militarily ready to intervene. In fact, the only difficulty was the lack of money, he had to be sure of Germany’s financial support once the Turks had started marching.” 242 Germany assured Enver Paşa that the money he had asked for would be sent, but not the German personnel and war materials because the Rumanian president Bratianu “notified the German minister in Bucharest on October 2 that he would permit no further shipments of materiel for Turkey to enter the country”. 243 Aware of this fact, opposition cabinet members continued to maintain their position 238 Trumpener, ‘Turkey's Entry into World War I: An Assessment of Responsibilities’, pp. 372-373. 239 Although Said Halim Paşa signed the alliance treaty he opposed the immediate entry into the war. He was the spokesman of the cabinet members opposed to the entry into the war. Trumpener claims that Germany would like to see a coup against the grand vizier by Enver Paşa. More interestingly, Mahmud Muhtar Paşa proposed a scheme for a coup d’etat against the grand vizier, which was not taken seriously by Germany. Trumpener, Germany and the Ottoman Empire: 1914-1918, p. 45. 240 Trumpener, Germany and the Ottoman Empire: 1914-1918, p. 46. 241 Shaw, p. 312. 242 Trumpener, ‘Turkey's Entry into World War I: An Assessment of Responsibilities’, p. 375. 243 Trumpener, ‘German Military Aid to Turkey in 1914: An Historical Re-Evaluation’, p. 149. 91
against the war. In the meantime, impatient Sanders tried to withdraw his military mission from Turkey, but he was ordered by his German superiors to remain in his post. 244 Enver Paşa and the Ottoman interventionists held a secret meeting with Wangenheim on October 11. Enver Paşa told Wangenheim that “Enver, Talat, Halil and Cemal agreed that their group in the committee were committed to war, that Souchon would be authorized to attack the Russians as soon as Berlin deposited two million Turkish liras, and they would induce the grand vizier to resign if he refused to agree to German intervention”. 245 Wangenheim promised Enver Paşa that the money would be delivered if war was declared, “and arrival of the gold (money) on October 21 cleared the way for action”. 246 The same day Enver Paşa took the title of “vice-generalissimo (or deputy-commander in chief)”. 247 The next day, the German imperial headquarters received Enver Paşa’s final war plan. The plan required that “the opening blow was to be delivered by a surprise attack on the Russian fleet” in the Black Sea. “Furthermore, Enver’s plan provided for defensive land operations in Transcaucasia and the advance of an expeditionary corps against Egypt, while the bulk of the Ottoman army was to stand by for action against Russia’s southern flank.” 248 The German Supreme Army Commander, Falkenhayn who replaced Moltke after the Marne defeat accepted the plan. On October 25, Enver Paşa drafted the authorization to Souchon, which “explicitly called for Black Sea maneuvers with the entire fleet and an attack on the 244 Trumpener, pp. 43-45 German intelligence said there was a three way split in Ottoman cabinet. Enver and Cemal supported joining Germany in war; Said Halim and Finance Minister Mehmed Cavid Bey opposed intervention; Talat acted as mediator between the two. 245 Trumpener, Germany and the Ottoman Empire: 1914-1918, p. 49. 246 Shaw, p. 312. 247 Trumpener, Germany and the Ottoman Empire: 1914-1918, p. 68. 248 Trumpener, ‘Turkey's Entry into World War I: An Assessment of Responsibilities’, p. 377, for the details of the plan see Yılmaz, pp. 89-90, Kocabaş, pp. 177-178. 92
Page 1 and 2:
THE BEGINNINGS OF OTTOMAN-GERMAN PA
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I certify that I have read this the
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ÖZET Bu tez Birinci Dünya Savaş
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TABLE OF CONTENTS ABSTRACT iii ÖZE
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LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS BOA, HR, SYS:
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have tried to follow a chronologica
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Affairs (Hariciye Nezareti), Minist
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Prussia. 3 Ottoman ambassadors like
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officers to train and command. This
Page 19 and 20:
Until Bismarck, Prussia did not dea
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integrity and gave Russia a dominan
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Empire ideologically suitable for f
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well as aide-de-camp (yaver-i ekrem
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connections with the important figu
Page 29 and 30:
Kaiser Wilhelm II’s accession to
Page 31 and 32:
While Wilhelm II’s Germany was pu
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In 1893, the Germans completed the
Page 35 and 36:
Germany in Ottoman debt increased f
Page 37 and 38:
Ottoman control, each attempting to
Page 39 and 40:
The students of schools like the Ci
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egime. Whether Abdulhamid prolonged
Page 43 and 44:
August 5, 1908 while his bitter riv
Page 45 and 46:
into key positions there. From now
Page 47 and 48:
grand vizier. This caused the inner
Page 49 and 50: war. However, Russia could not supp
Page 51 and 52: C. Ottoman-German Relations During
Page 53 and 54: In order to reorganize the Ottoman
Page 55 and 56: Von der Goltz stayed in Turkey for
Page 57 and 58: compensating the kilometer guarante
Page 59 and 60: East. 97 The Ottomans felt alone in
Page 61 and 62: architect of the establishment of G
Page 63 and 64: leaving all the previous ministers
Page 65 and 66: The defeat in the Balkans had, inde
Page 67 and 68: who were connected with the CUP wer
Page 69 and 70: new losses on the Ottomans at the s
Page 71 and 72: to be headed for a major war. The C
Page 73 and 74: appointments to the senior military
Page 75 and 76: dividing the same provinces into sp
Page 77 and 78: likening his military mission to do
Page 79 and 80: Baghdad railroad had two unfinished
Page 81 and 82: CHAPTER FOUR: FROM THE ALLIANCE TRE
Page 83 and 84: present, Turkey can only be advised
Page 85 and 86: Since the Ottoman Empire had been r
Page 87 and 88: 2. If Russia should intervene with
Page 89 and 90: The treaty had various problems, ev
Page 91 and 92: alliance as the only means of assur
Page 93 and 94: accepted by Berlin”. He argues th
Page 95 and 96: B. German-Ottoman War Aims and the
Page 97 and 98: y Germany were achieved, the Empire
Page 99: October 1, 1914. 234 The German and
Page 103 and 104: directing Souchon to disregard the
Page 105 and 106: Britain and Russia, all of which we
Page 107 and 108: potential enemy. Bismarck had manag
Page 109 and 110: eformed by the Germans during the l
Page 111 and 112: compartmentalization of awareness d
Page 113 and 114: against Russia, culminated in Ottom
Page 115 and 116: Almanya’ya i’zam olunacak Osman
Page 117 and 118: Appendix III İTTİFAK MUAHEDESİ 1
Page 119 and 120: ATASE, Dosya: 73, Klasör: 1646, Fi
Page 121 and 122: Appendix V Başkomutan Vekili ve Tu
Page 123 and 124: 29 TEŞRİNİEVVEL 1330 (11 KASIM 1
Page 125 and 126: D: 3 C: 1 İ. S.: 2 Appendix VII Me
Page 127 and 128: File0003.JPG (JPEG Image, 1269x1731
Page 137 and 138: File0001.jpg (JPEG Image, 1269x1731
Page 139 and 140: 1.Primary Sources BIBLIOGRAPHY: Gen
Page 141 and 142: Halil Menteşe, Osmanlı Mebusan Me
Page 143 and 144: Soy, Bayram, ‘II. Wilhelm, Weltpo
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