the beginnings of ottoman-german partnership - Bilkent University

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that this would lessen British ability to influence Ottoman affairs though his military advisors reported that Prussia was sending the officers to help the Ottomans due to fear of Russian attacks against Prussia as well as the Ottoman Empire. 10 For the British, Russians were a threat to the European balance of power, especially when Russia offered the Ottomans diplomatic and military support during the Egyptian crisis in 1838-1839. Ottoman statesmen accepted the Russian offer reluctantly due to a quite justified fear that Russia would use its military penetration to expand their political influence in the Ottoman court as well as the Christian provinces of the Empire. The Crimean War (1853-1856) resulted largely from British and French efforts to stop the expansion of Russian influence in the Ottoman Empire. With strong British and French support, the Ottoman Army was able to push back a Russian invasion of northeastern Turkey, though it was unable to prevent the Russians from stirring the Armenians resident there to accept Russia as their defender and to abandon their loyalty to the Sultan in order to achieve independence. The Ottomans were forced to accept loans from Britain and its other allies, which helped in the short run but ultimately led to European control of Ottoman finances during the last half of the 19th century. In the Peace of Paris (1856), the Ottoman Empire was accepted as a European power and its territories were guaranteed by other European powers including Prussia. European interference to guarantee Ottoman integrity and frustrate Russian ambitions, however, only increased Russian grievances against the Ottoman Empire and led to new wars a quarter century later. 11 10 Oral Sander, Anka’nın Yükselişi ve Düşüşü: Osmanlı Diplomasi Tarihi Üzerine Bir Deneme, (Ankara: İmge Yayınevi, 1993), p. 177. 11 Sander, pp. 207-227. 9
Until Bismarck, Prussia did not deal much with the Eastern Question and the Ottoman Empire, called the “sick man” 12 by the Tsar Nicholas I, except for sending some officers and taking part in peace negotiations to protect Ottoman integrity and enable the Empire to survive. With Wilhelm I's accession to the throne (1888) Bismarck, who was a former member of Prussian parliament, envoy to Frankfurt Diet and ambassador to Russia and France, was appointed as Minister- President, head of the Prussian government. His subsequent policies were aimed at uniting the German states under Prussian control and making Germany the strongest state in Europe. He worked to achieve these ends by defeating the Austrians, isolating the French in European diplomatic affairs, and maintaining peace with Russia, ambitions which he had achieved by 1871. Victory against France (1871) culminated in his effort to unify the German states under Prussian domination. As a result, Germany had become the most powerful industrial nation in Europe after Great Britain, with a population of 56 million. 12 Alan Palmer, Osmanlı İmparatorluğu Son 300 Yılı: Bir Çöküşün Yeni Tarihi, (İstanbul: Yeni Yüzyıl Yayınları, 1995), p.189, Ernest Jackh, The Rising Crescent: Turkey Yesterday, Today and Tomorrow, (New York: Farrar& Rinehar, Inc., 1944), p. 45. 10
Page 1 and 2: THE BEGINNINGS OF OTTOMAN-GERMAN PA
Page 3 and 4: I certify that I have read this the
Page 5 and 6: ÖZET Bu tez Birinci Dünya Savaş
Page 7 and 8: TABLE OF CONTENTS ABSTRACT iii ÖZE
Page 9 and 10: LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS BOA, HR, SYS:
Page 11 and 12: have tried to follow a chronologica
Page 13 and 14: Affairs (Hariciye Nezareti), Minist
Page 15 and 16: Prussia. 3 Ottoman ambassadors like
Page 17: officers to train and command. This
Page 21 and 22: integrity and gave Russia a dominan
Page 23 and 24: Empire ideologically suitable for f
Page 25 and 26: well as aide-de-camp (yaver-i ekrem
Page 27 and 28: connections with the important figu
Page 29 and 30: Kaiser Wilhelm II’s accession to
Page 31 and 32: While Wilhelm II’s Germany was pu
Page 33 and 34: In 1893, the Germans completed the
Page 35 and 36: Germany in Ottoman debt increased f
Page 37 and 38: Ottoman control, each attempting to
Page 39 and 40: The students of schools like the Ci
Page 41 and 42: egime. Whether Abdulhamid prolonged
Page 43 and 44: August 5, 1908 while his bitter riv
Page 45 and 46: into key positions there. From now
Page 47 and 48: grand vizier. This caused the inner
Page 49 and 50: war. However, Russia could not supp
Page 51 and 52: C. Ottoman-German Relations During
Page 53 and 54: In order to reorganize the Ottoman
Page 55 and 56: Von der Goltz stayed in Turkey for
Page 57 and 58: compensating the kilometer guarante
Page 59 and 60: East. 97 The Ottomans felt alone in
Page 61 and 62: architect of the establishment of G
Page 63 and 64: leaving all the previous ministers
Page 65 and 66: The defeat in the Balkans had, inde
Page 67 and 68: who were connected with the CUP wer
Page 69 and 70:
new losses on the Ottomans at the s
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to be headed for a major war. The C
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appointments to the senior military
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dividing the same provinces into sp
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likening his military mission to do
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Baghdad railroad had two unfinished
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CHAPTER FOUR: FROM THE ALLIANCE TRE
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present, Turkey can only be advised
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Since the Ottoman Empire had been r
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2. If Russia should intervene with
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The treaty had various problems, ev
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alliance as the only means of assur
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accepted by Berlin”. He argues th
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B. German-Ottoman War Aims and the
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y Germany were achieved, the Empire
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October 1, 1914. 234 The German and
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against the war. In the meantime, i
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directing Souchon to disregard the
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Britain and Russia, all of which we
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potential enemy. Bismarck had manag
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eformed by the Germans during the l
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compartmentalization of awareness d
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against Russia, culminated in Ottom
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Almanya’ya i’zam olunacak Osman
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Appendix III İTTİFAK MUAHEDESİ 1
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ATASE, Dosya: 73, Klasör: 1646, Fi
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Appendix V Başkomutan Vekili ve Tu
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29 TEŞRİNİEVVEL 1330 (11 KASIM 1
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D: 3 C: 1 İ. S.: 2 Appendix VII Me
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File0003.JPG (JPEG Image, 1269x1731
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File0001.jpg (JPEG Image, 1269x1731
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1.Primary Sources BIBLIOGRAPHY: Gen
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Halil Menteşe, Osmanlı Mebusan Me
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Soy, Bayram, ‘II. Wilhelm, Weltpo
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