the beginnings of ottoman-german partnership - Bilkent University

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ABSTRACT This thesis analyses the course and nature of Ottoman-German diplomatic and military relations before the First World War. It suggests that Germany and the Ottoman Empire acted according to their own political interests since their first interaction at the beginning of the eighteenth century, although their diplomatic relations were mostly cordial. Far from being close collaborative partners before the First World War, the eventual alliance of the two empires during the war was the natural outcome of each empire’s own political and military objectives rather than the outcome of their friendship before the war. The thesis also studies the Baghdad Railroad Project, the Russian threat against Germany as well as the Ottomans, the German military reform missions to the army of the Sultan, and the political situation in the Empire in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. Keywords: The Ottoman Empire, Germany, Wilhelm II, Abdulhamid II, Ottoman- German Alliance, Enver Pasha iii
ÖZET Bu tez Birinci Dünya Savaşı öncesindeki Osmanlı-Alman diplomatik ve askeri ilişkilerinin seyrini ve karakterini incelemektedir. İncelemenin gösterdiği, Almanya ve Osmanlı İmparatorluğu’nun diplomatik ilişkilerinin genelde samimi olmasına rağmen iki devletin de onsekizinci yüzyılda başlayan ilişkilerinde aslında tamamen kendi politik çıkarlarına göre hareket ettiğidir. Birinci Dünya Savaşı öncesinde çok yakın işbirliği içinde olmaktan uzak olmakla birlikte, iki imparatorluğun savaştaki ittifakı, savaş öncesi yakınlıklarının sonucu olmaktan çok her iki imparatorluğun kendi politik ve askeri amaçlarının doğal bir sonucudur. Bu tez bu bağlam içinde, Bağdat Demiryolu Projesi’ni, Almanya ve Osmanlı İmparatorluğu’na karşı Rus tehdidini, Osmanlı İmparatorluğu’ndaki Alman Askeri Reform Heyetlerini ve imparatorluğun ondokuzuncu yüzyılın sonundaki ve yirminci yüzyılın başındaki politik durumunu da incelemektedir. Anahtar Kelimeler: Osmanlı İmparatorluğu, Almanya, II. Wilhelm, II. Abdulhamid, Osmanlı-Alman İttifakı, Enver Paşa iv
Page 1 and 2: THE BEGINNINGS OF OTTOMAN-GERMAN PA
Page 3: I certify that I have read this the
Page 7 and 8: TABLE OF CONTENTS ABSTRACT iii ÖZE
Page 9 and 10: LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS BOA, HR, SYS:
Page 11 and 12: have tried to follow a chronologica
Page 13 and 14: Affairs (Hariciye Nezareti), Minist
Page 15 and 16: Prussia. 3 Ottoman ambassadors like
Page 17 and 18: officers to train and command. This
Page 19 and 20: Until Bismarck, Prussia did not dea
Page 21 and 22: integrity and gave Russia a dominan
Page 23 and 24: Empire ideologically suitable for f
Page 25 and 26: well as aide-de-camp (yaver-i ekrem
Page 27 and 28: connections with the important figu
Page 29 and 30: Kaiser Wilhelm II’s accession to
Page 31 and 32: While Wilhelm II’s Germany was pu
Page 33 and 34: In 1893, the Germans completed the
Page 35 and 36: Germany in Ottoman debt increased f
Page 37 and 38: Ottoman control, each attempting to
Page 39 and 40: The students of schools like the Ci
Page 41 and 42: egime. Whether Abdulhamid prolonged
Page 43 and 44: August 5, 1908 while his bitter riv
Page 45 and 46: into key positions there. From now
Page 47 and 48: grand vizier. This caused the inner
Page 49 and 50: war. However, Russia could not supp
Page 51 and 52: C. Ottoman-German Relations During
Page 53 and 54: In order to reorganize the Ottoman
Page 55 and 56:
Von der Goltz stayed in Turkey for
Page 57 and 58:
compensating the kilometer guarante
Page 59 and 60:
East. 97 The Ottomans felt alone in
Page 61 and 62:
architect of the establishment of G
Page 63 and 64:
leaving all the previous ministers
Page 65 and 66:
The defeat in the Balkans had, inde
Page 67 and 68:
who were connected with the CUP wer
Page 69 and 70:
new losses on the Ottomans at the s
Page 71 and 72:
to be headed for a major war. The C
Page 73 and 74:
appointments to the senior military
Page 75 and 76:
dividing the same provinces into sp
Page 77 and 78:
likening his military mission to do
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Baghdad railroad had two unfinished
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CHAPTER FOUR: FROM THE ALLIANCE TRE
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present, Turkey can only be advised
Page 85 and 86:
Since the Ottoman Empire had been r
Page 87 and 88:
2. If Russia should intervene with
Page 89 and 90:
The treaty had various problems, ev
Page 91 and 92:
alliance as the only means of assur
Page 93 and 94:
accepted by Berlin”. He argues th
Page 95 and 96:
B. German-Ottoman War Aims and the
Page 97 and 98:
y Germany were achieved, the Empire
Page 99 and 100:
October 1, 1914. 234 The German and
Page 101 and 102:
against the war. In the meantime, i
Page 103 and 104:
directing Souchon to disregard the
Page 105 and 106:
Britain and Russia, all of which we
Page 107 and 108:
potential enemy. Bismarck had manag
Page 109 and 110:
eformed by the Germans during the l
Page 111 and 112:
compartmentalization of awareness d
Page 113 and 114:
against Russia, culminated in Ottom
Page 115 and 116:
Almanya’ya i’zam olunacak Osman
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Appendix III İTTİFAK MUAHEDESİ 1
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ATASE, Dosya: 73, Klasör: 1646, Fi
Page 121 and 122:
Appendix V Başkomutan Vekili ve Tu
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29 TEŞRİNİEVVEL 1330 (11 KASIM 1
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D: 3 C: 1 İ. S.: 2 Appendix VII Me
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File0003.JPG (JPEG Image, 1269x1731
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File0001.jpg (JPEG Image, 1269x1731
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1.Primary Sources BIBLIOGRAPHY: Gen
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Halil Menteşe, Osmanlı Mebusan Me
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Soy, Bayram, ‘II. Wilhelm, Weltpo
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