the beginnings of ottoman-german partnership - Bilkent University

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Tripoli was the signal for the Balkan states to make a concerted attack upon Turkey. 72 On October 1912, Bulgaria, Serbia, Montenegro and Greece, declared war on the Ottoman Empire. The Ottomans began to experience defeats on both fronts by the Serbians and Bulgarians as the new War Minister Nazım Paşa did not apply the defensive war strategy of the former Chief-of-Staff Ahmet İzzet Paşa who was in Yemen fighting against the Arab rebels. 72 Bury, p. 139. 41
C. Ottoman-German Relations During the five years from the Young Turk Revolution of 1908 to the Bab-ı Ali coup d’etat of 1913, according to the Ottoman point of view, relations with Germany did not follow a steady path due to many domestic and international events. Many people thought that the revolution had created a pro-British atmosphere in the Ottoman government circles. It was true that most of the Young Turk leaders were British and French sympathizers. 73 Furthermore, German support for the Austrian annexation of Bosnia-Herzegovina turned the public opinion against Germany and the German Military Commission in the Ottoman Empire. The Turkish press was urging the government to send the German military officers back, and some generals shared this view. 74 In order to balance the German influence which had increased greatly before the Young Turk Revolution, Grand Vezir Kamil Paşa brought in British naval officers to reorganize the Ottoman navy, and also limited the German military officers to no more than fifteen to twenty men of whom none would be below the rank of Colonel, a move which caused anxiety and dissatisfaction among the Germans already there. 75 The Germans’ fear was not unfounded. The Young Turks were leaning towards Britain because they regarded Abdulhamid's friendship for the autocratic 73 “Liberty, equality, fraternity, the slogan of Republican France became the watch-cry of the new era in Turkey. Parliamentary government and ministerial responsibility under a constitutional monarch, the political contribution of Britain to Western civilization, became the aim of reformers in Constantinople.” Earle, p. 217. 74 Even one of the major generals in the Ottoman Army, Osman Nizami Paşa proposed to the German military attaché in İstanbul, Von Strempel that the Turkish military officers who had been training in Germany could accomplish the reorganization of the Ottoman Army better than the aged German military officers in the Ottoman Empire. Wallach, p.78. 75 Wallach, p.79. 42
Page 1 and 2: THE BEGINNINGS OF OTTOMAN-GERMAN PA
Page 3 and 4: I certify that I have read this the
Page 5 and 6: ÖZET Bu tez Birinci Dünya Savaş
Page 7 and 8: TABLE OF CONTENTS ABSTRACT iii ÖZE
Page 9 and 10: LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS BOA, HR, SYS:
Page 11 and 12: have tried to follow a chronologica
Page 13 and 14: Affairs (Hariciye Nezareti), Minist
Page 15 and 16: Prussia. 3 Ottoman ambassadors like
Page 17 and 18: officers to train and command. This
Page 19 and 20: Until Bismarck, Prussia did not dea
Page 21 and 22: integrity and gave Russia a dominan
Page 23 and 24: Empire ideologically suitable for f
Page 25 and 26: well as aide-de-camp (yaver-i ekrem
Page 27 and 28: connections with the important figu
Page 29 and 30: Kaiser Wilhelm II’s accession to
Page 31 and 32: While Wilhelm II’s Germany was pu
Page 33 and 34: In 1893, the Germans completed the
Page 35 and 36: Germany in Ottoman debt increased f
Page 37 and 38: Ottoman control, each attempting to
Page 39 and 40: The students of schools like the Ci
Page 41 and 42: egime. Whether Abdulhamid prolonged
Page 43 and 44: August 5, 1908 while his bitter riv
Page 45 and 46: into key positions there. From now
Page 47 and 48: grand vizier. This caused the inner
Page 49: war. However, Russia could not supp
Page 53 and 54: In order to reorganize the Ottoman
Page 55 and 56: Von der Goltz stayed in Turkey for
Page 57 and 58: compensating the kilometer guarante
Page 59 and 60: East. 97 The Ottomans felt alone in
Page 61 and 62: architect of the establishment of G
Page 63 and 64: leaving all the previous ministers
Page 65 and 66: The defeat in the Balkans had, inde
Page 67 and 68: who were connected with the CUP wer
Page 69 and 70: new losses on the Ottomans at the s
Page 71 and 72: to be headed for a major war. The C
Page 73 and 74: appointments to the senior military
Page 75 and 76: dividing the same provinces into sp
Page 77 and 78: likening his military mission to do
Page 79 and 80: Baghdad railroad had two unfinished
Page 81 and 82: CHAPTER FOUR: FROM THE ALLIANCE TRE
Page 83 and 84: present, Turkey can only be advised
Page 85 and 86: Since the Ottoman Empire had been r
Page 87 and 88: 2. If Russia should intervene with
Page 89 and 90: The treaty had various problems, ev
Page 91 and 92: alliance as the only means of assur
Page 93 and 94: accepted by Berlin”. He argues th
Page 95 and 96: B. German-Ottoman War Aims and the
Page 97 and 98: y Germany were achieved, the Empire
Page 99 and 100: October 1, 1914. 234 The German and
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against the war. In the meantime, i
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directing Souchon to disregard the
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Britain and Russia, all of which we
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potential enemy. Bismarck had manag
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eformed by the Germans during the l
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compartmentalization of awareness d
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against Russia, culminated in Ottom
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Almanya’ya i’zam olunacak Osman
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Appendix III İTTİFAK MUAHEDESİ 1
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ATASE, Dosya: 73, Klasör: 1646, Fi
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Appendix V Başkomutan Vekili ve Tu
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29 TEŞRİNİEVVEL 1330 (11 KASIM 1
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D: 3 C: 1 İ. S.: 2 Appendix VII Me
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File0003.JPG (JPEG Image, 1269x1731
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File0001.jpg (JPEG Image, 1269x1731
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1.Primary Sources BIBLIOGRAPHY: Gen
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Halil Menteşe, Osmanlı Mebusan Me
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Soy, Bayram, ‘II. Wilhelm, Weltpo
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