the beginnings of ottoman-german partnership - Bilkent University

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even if the Ottoman Empire solved that Armenian issue, it could not survive much longer, and proposed partition of the Empire between Britain and Germany in order to keep the Russians out, an idea which Germany rejected, preferring to keep the Ottoman Empire intact, though under its own political and economic domination. 46 In response to the Armenian Revolt, the Great Powers, in particular Great Britain and Russia, advocated the introduction of widespread reforms in Eastern Anatolia. Abdulhamid believed that any reform unique to the provinces where the Armenians were revolting would result in the segregation of those provinces from the rest of the Empire, and anger the Empire's Muslim majority unless the latter received the same benefits. He believed that Britain was planning to establish an Armenian state in the east under British control in order to prevent Russia from expanding through the Middle East and to balance the German sphere of influence in Anatolia that would be created by construction of the Baghdad railroad. An autonomous Armenia would constitute a buffer zone against Russian expansion through Anatolia toward the Mediterranean. Germany did not give a full support to Abdulhamid on the Armenian question, but it did not position itself on either the Russian or the British side due to the fear of upsetting its relations with them elsewhere in Europe. Another domestic problem that had international repercussions was the Macedonian Question. Macedonia was an arena in which the newly-independent states of Serbia, Greece and Bulgaria claimed overlapping territories, where various ethnicities, religions and nationalities were intermixed under the umbrella of 46 Holstein (leading German politician before the First World War) evaluated British plans as diverting the Great Powers’ attention to Anatolia and the Balkans, and being alone in and totally occupying Egypt. Offering the Straits to the Russians would relieve Britain in the Far East, as it would make the Russians focus on the Near East. At that time, Britain’s relations with France and Russia were not on good terms, so it delayed its plans on the partition of the Ottoman Empire. Salisbury stated also that Abdulhamid’s deposition should be the only solution to the Eastern Question. Bury, pp. 128-129. 27
Ottoman control, each attempting to secure control of the entire area with the help and support of Russia as well as one or another of the Balkan states. In response, the Great Powers of Europe demanded reforms in the areas of Macedonia inhabited by Christians, more or less on the model of the reforms being demanded for the Armenian areas of Eastern Anatolia, in the process using their insistence on supervising the reforms, while supporting nationalist agitation and terrorism, in order to develop their own political and economic presence in the area. Abdulhamid II responded to these demands in 1903 by establishing a new Inspector-Governorship (Rumeli Umum Müfettişliği) for Macedonia in a special province called East Rumelia. Each Balkan state, however, and each Great Power followed its own agenda for its own purposes, stimulating each national group to demand control over the entire area, with contradicting claims resulting in increasing terrorism and anarchy in the early years of the twentieth century. Whenever Abdulhamid II tried to send in troops to curb the terrorism, Europe’s politicians and press accused him of massacring Christians, so little in fact was done and the violence continued. The turmoil in Macedonia contributed to the Young Turk Revolution of 1908, when the young Ottoman officers in Macedonia who were leading the troops to fight against the Bulgarian and Greek bandits reacted to Abdülhamid II's continued surrender to European pressure by failing to send them sufficient arms and men to put down the terrorism by revolting against his autocratic rule, and a year later deposing him in favor of Sultan Mehmed V Reşad, who became little more than a puppet in their hands. On the Macedonian question, Germany had a pro-Austrian policy that wanted to limit Serbia and Bulgaria's expansionist policies and expand the influence of the Austro-Hungarian Empire since it was a potential ally of Germany. When Austria-Hungary occupied Bosnia-Herzegovina in reaction 28
Page 1 and 2: THE BEGINNINGS OF OTTOMAN-GERMAN PA
Page 3 and 4: I certify that I have read this the
Page 5 and 6: ÖZET Bu tez Birinci Dünya Savaş
Page 7 and 8: TABLE OF CONTENTS ABSTRACT iii ÖZE
Page 9 and 10: LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS BOA, HR, SYS:
Page 11 and 12: have tried to follow a chronologica
Page 13 and 14: Affairs (Hariciye Nezareti), Minist
Page 15 and 16: Prussia. 3 Ottoman ambassadors like
Page 17 and 18: officers to train and command. This
Page 19 and 20: Until Bismarck, Prussia did not dea
Page 21 and 22: integrity and gave Russia a dominan
Page 23 and 24: Empire ideologically suitable for f
Page 25 and 26: well as aide-de-camp (yaver-i ekrem
Page 27 and 28: connections with the important figu
Page 29 and 30: Kaiser Wilhelm II’s accession to
Page 31 and 32: While Wilhelm II’s Germany was pu
Page 33 and 34: In 1893, the Germans completed the
Page 35: Germany in Ottoman debt increased f
Page 39 and 40: The students of schools like the Ci
Page 41 and 42: egime. Whether Abdulhamid prolonged
Page 43 and 44: August 5, 1908 while his bitter riv
Page 45 and 46: into key positions there. From now
Page 47 and 48: grand vizier. This caused the inner
Page 49 and 50: war. However, Russia could not supp
Page 51 and 52: C. Ottoman-German Relations During
Page 53 and 54: In order to reorganize the Ottoman
Page 55 and 56: Von der Goltz stayed in Turkey for
Page 57 and 58: compensating the kilometer guarante
Page 59 and 60: East. 97 The Ottomans felt alone in
Page 61 and 62: architect of the establishment of G
Page 63 and 64: leaving all the previous ministers
Page 65 and 66: The defeat in the Balkans had, inde
Page 67 and 68: who were connected with the CUP wer
Page 69 and 70: new losses on the Ottomans at the s
Page 71 and 72: to be headed for a major war. The C
Page 73 and 74: appointments to the senior military
Page 75 and 76: dividing the same provinces into sp
Page 77 and 78: likening his military mission to do
Page 79 and 80: Baghdad railroad had two unfinished
Page 81 and 82: CHAPTER FOUR: FROM THE ALLIANCE TRE
Page 83 and 84: present, Turkey can only be advised
Page 85 and 86: Since the Ottoman Empire had been r
Page 87 and 88:
2. If Russia should intervene with
Page 89 and 90:
The treaty had various problems, ev
Page 91 and 92:
alliance as the only means of assur
Page 93 and 94:
accepted by Berlin”. He argues th
Page 95 and 96:
B. German-Ottoman War Aims and the
Page 97 and 98:
y Germany were achieved, the Empire
Page 99 and 100:
October 1, 1914. 234 The German and
Page 101 and 102:
against the war. In the meantime, i
Page 103 and 104:
directing Souchon to disregard the
Page 105 and 106:
Britain and Russia, all of which we
Page 107 and 108:
potential enemy. Bismarck had manag
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eformed by the Germans during the l
Page 111 and 112:
compartmentalization of awareness d
Page 113 and 114:
against Russia, culminated in Ottom
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Almanya’ya i’zam olunacak Osman
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Appendix III İTTİFAK MUAHEDESİ 1
Page 119 and 120:
ATASE, Dosya: 73, Klasör: 1646, Fi
Page 121 and 122:
Appendix V Başkomutan Vekili ve Tu
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29 TEŞRİNİEVVEL 1330 (11 KASIM 1
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D: 3 C: 1 İ. S.: 2 Appendix VII Me
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File0003.JPG (JPEG Image, 1269x1731
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File0001.jpg (JPEG Image, 1269x1731
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1.Primary Sources BIBLIOGRAPHY: Gen
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Halil Menteşe, Osmanlı Mebusan Me
Page 143 and 144:
Soy, Bayram, ‘II. Wilhelm, Weltpo
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