the beginnings of ottoman-german partnership - Bilkent University

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CHAPTER THREE: THE OTTOMAN EMPIRE FROM THE RAID ON THE PORTE TO THE SECRET ALLIANCE OF AUGUST 2, 1914 A. Developments Before the Arrival of Von Sanders Mission The famous “Raid on the Sublime Porte” occurred on January 23, 1913. The Ottoman Cabinet was meeting in order to prepare a note to the Great Powers about the armistice negotiations then going on in London designed to end the First Balkan War. On that day in the afternoon, “Enver (later Paşa) led an army band into the Porte building, burst into a (the) cabinet meeting, and forced (Sadrazam) Kamil (Paşa) to resign at gunpoint.” 107 The CUP declared that it designed the raid in order to end the defeats in the Balkans, and take Edirne back from the Bulgarians by taking over government. 108 The inner circle of the CUP dominated by Enver and Talat, who were the real designers of the coup d’etat, arranged for General Mahmut Şevket Paşa to become the new grand vizier, while Cemal Bey was made commander of the First Army, which was the garrison of İstanbul. Although Kamil Paşa’s cabinet had been overthrown, Mahmut Şevket Paşa appointed only three Unionists to the new cabinet, 107 Stanford J. Shaw and Ezel Kural Shaw, History of the Ottoman Empire and Modern Turkey (Volume II: Reform, Revolution, and Republic: The Rise of Modern Turkey, 1808-1975), (Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 1997), p. 295. About the details of the “Bab-ı Ali coup d’etat” see Şevket Süreyya Aydemir, Makedonya’dan Orta Asya’ya Enver Paşa (Cilt II: 1908-1914), (İstanbul: Remzi Kitabevi, 1971), pp. 379-386, Ziya Şakir, Yakın Tarihin Üç Büyük Adamı: Talat, Enver, Cemal Paşalar, (İstanbul: Ahmet Sait Matbaası, 1944), pp. 99-103. 108 The real intentions of the CUP before the coup d’etat can be seen in the work of Ziya Şakir, who was close to the inner circles of the CUP: “Edirne is starving in submission. The enemy is at the gates of Çatalca. It has been seven months since we lost the government…” Therefore, the CUP was trying to secure power again. Şakir, p. 35. 53
leaving all the previous ministers in their places. A week later, at the request of Enver Paşa, the Sultan appointed respected general Ahmet İzzet Paşa as Chief of the General Staff. The new government first tried to secure a base for restoring public order through key military and civilian appointments. It then turned its attention to the issue of foreign affairs. Most of the ministers joined Enver and the young officers im desiring to resume the war in order to secure a more favorable settlement than that being prepared in London. Mahmut Şevket Paşa and Ahmet İzzet Paşa, however, opposed the idea on the grounds that the army was not ready. However, “there were those Unionist civilians who felt the need for an immediate military success in order to consolidate their position.” 109 The Grand Vizier therefore, insisted to the London Conference that Edirne and eastern Thrace be returned before the Ottoman Empire would agree to peace. Without agreement, however, the conference broke up on January 30 and the Ottomans resumed the fight. 110 But as the war continued, the Ottoman army continued to suffer defeats on almost all fronts. At the same time, the new government tried to reform the army. In February, the Regulation for the General Military Organization and the Service Dress and Uniform Regulation 111 were put into force. German Ambassador "Wangenheim was able to report a general feeling in ruling circles favoring requests to foreign governments for aid in reforming the Ottoman Empire. He continued that the Ottomans hoped the Kaiser would place a German general, who, aided by German officers, would reorganize the army." 112 109 M. Naim Turfan, Rise of the Young Turks: Politics, The Military and Ottoman Collapse, (London: I. B. Tauris Publishers, 2000), p. 288. 110 Shaw, p. 296. 111 BOA, MV. Dosya 233. Gömlek 127. 112 Turfan, pp. 309-311. 54
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THE BEGINNINGS OF OTTOMAN-GERMAN PA
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I certify that I have read this the
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ÖZET Bu tez Birinci Dünya Savaş
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TABLE OF CONTENTS ABSTRACT iii ÖZE
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LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS BOA, HR, SYS:
Page 11 and 12: have tried to follow a chronologica
Page 13 and 14: Affairs (Hariciye Nezareti), Minist
Page 15 and 16: Prussia. 3 Ottoman ambassadors like
Page 17 and 18: officers to train and command. This
Page 19 and 20: Until Bismarck, Prussia did not dea
Page 21 and 22: integrity and gave Russia a dominan
Page 23 and 24: Empire ideologically suitable for f
Page 25 and 26: well as aide-de-camp (yaver-i ekrem
Page 27 and 28: connections with the important figu
Page 29 and 30: Kaiser Wilhelm II’s accession to
Page 31 and 32: While Wilhelm II’s Germany was pu
Page 33 and 34: In 1893, the Germans completed the
Page 35 and 36: Germany in Ottoman debt increased f
Page 37 and 38: Ottoman control, each attempting to
Page 39 and 40: The students of schools like the Ci
Page 41 and 42: egime. Whether Abdulhamid prolonged
Page 43 and 44: August 5, 1908 while his bitter riv
Page 45 and 46: into key positions there. From now
Page 47 and 48: grand vizier. This caused the inner
Page 49 and 50: war. However, Russia could not supp
Page 51 and 52: C. Ottoman-German Relations During
Page 53 and 54: In order to reorganize the Ottoman
Page 55 and 56: Von der Goltz stayed in Turkey for
Page 57 and 58: compensating the kilometer guarante
Page 59 and 60: East. 97 The Ottomans felt alone in
Page 61: architect of the establishment of G
Page 65 and 66: The defeat in the Balkans had, inde
Page 67 and 68: who were connected with the CUP wer
Page 69 and 70: new losses on the Ottomans at the s
Page 71 and 72: to be headed for a major war. The C
Page 73 and 74: appointments to the senior military
Page 75 and 76: dividing the same provinces into sp
Page 77 and 78: likening his military mission to do
Page 79 and 80: Baghdad railroad had two unfinished
Page 81 and 82: CHAPTER FOUR: FROM THE ALLIANCE TRE
Page 83 and 84: present, Turkey can only be advised
Page 85 and 86: Since the Ottoman Empire had been r
Page 87 and 88: 2. If Russia should intervene with
Page 89 and 90: The treaty had various problems, ev
Page 91 and 92: alliance as the only means of assur
Page 93 and 94: accepted by Berlin”. He argues th
Page 95 and 96: B. German-Ottoman War Aims and the
Page 97 and 98: y Germany were achieved, the Empire
Page 99 and 100: October 1, 1914. 234 The German and
Page 101 and 102: against the war. In the meantime, i
Page 103 and 104: directing Souchon to disregard the
Page 105 and 106: Britain and Russia, all of which we
Page 107 and 108: potential enemy. Bismarck had manag
Page 109 and 110: eformed by the Germans during the l
Page 111 and 112: compartmentalization of awareness d
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against Russia, culminated in Ottom
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Almanya’ya i’zam olunacak Osman
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Appendix III İTTİFAK MUAHEDESİ 1
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ATASE, Dosya: 73, Klasör: 1646, Fi
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Appendix V Başkomutan Vekili ve Tu
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29 TEŞRİNİEVVEL 1330 (11 KASIM 1
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D: 3 C: 1 İ. S.: 2 Appendix VII Me
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File0003.JPG (JPEG Image, 1269x1731
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1.Primary Sources BIBLIOGRAPHY: Gen
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Halil Menteşe, Osmanlı Mebusan Me
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Soy, Bayram, ‘II. Wilhelm, Weltpo
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