the beginnings of ottoman-german partnership - Bilkent University

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Germany more than any other Great Power because the Germans had not occupied any Ottoman territory and had no important economic involvement with the Capitulations. For the Turks “the fear of, and hostility to, Tsardom was foremost in deciding Turkey’s orientation (towards Germany), and the alliance of her former protectors (France and Great Britain) with Nicholas II was viewed as an ill omen”. 169 Except for Enver Paşa, there was not an unconditional commitment of any important Ottoman figure to the Germans before the war broke out. Enver Paşa’s presence as the most powerful and important figure in the Ottoman Empire was, however, an adequate reason for a potential alliance with Germany in case of a general European war. As he stated in a decree issued in January 1914, even though he was only a minister, he had the power to overrule any of the other ministers on any occasion, thus showing the power and determination to make decisions on his own authority. 170 169 Gottlieb, p. 31. 170 Yılmaz, p. 56. 71
CHAPTER FOUR: FROM THE ALLIANCE TREATY TO THE DECLARATION OF HOLY WAR A. Developments Until The Arrival of The Goeben And Breslau Ernest Jackh, in his study, The Rising Crescent, published many of the telegrams exchanged between Berlin and its emissaries in Istanbul during the month that preceded conclusion of the Ottoman-German alliance, between July 14 and August 5, 1914. These telegrams show how Germany's attitude toward an Ottoman alliance changed substantially during just twenty days. They also give many hints about the situation in Istanbul, and how the Ottoman government responded to the emerging threat of war in Europe. What we lack for the most part are the Ottoman sources. The few that have come to us consist of memoirs left by the leading generals and cabinet members which, while useful, consist only of what their authors wanted us to know about their thoughts and actions. Since real power in the Ottoman government was in the hands of Enver and Talat, they did not exchange views with the Ottoman ambassador in Berlin, Mahmut Muhtar Pasa, nor was there any sort of formal decision-making process including other members of the cabinet. There are some letters surviving from Cemil Bey, Ottoman military attaché in Berlin, written to colleagues and friends in Istanbul, which shed some light on Istanbul's supreme ignorance about affairs and 72
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THE BEGINNINGS OF OTTOMAN-GERMAN PA
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I certify that I have read this the
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ÖZET Bu tez Birinci Dünya Savaş
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TABLE OF CONTENTS ABSTRACT iii ÖZE
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LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS BOA, HR, SYS:
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have tried to follow a chronologica
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Affairs (Hariciye Nezareti), Minist
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Prussia. 3 Ottoman ambassadors like
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officers to train and command. This
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Until Bismarck, Prussia did not dea
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integrity and gave Russia a dominan
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Empire ideologically suitable for f
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well as aide-de-camp (yaver-i ekrem
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connections with the important figu
Page 29 and 30: Kaiser Wilhelm II’s accession to
Page 31 and 32: While Wilhelm II’s Germany was pu
Page 33 and 34: In 1893, the Germans completed the
Page 35 and 36: Germany in Ottoman debt increased f
Page 37 and 38: Ottoman control, each attempting to
Page 39 and 40: The students of schools like the Ci
Page 41 and 42: egime. Whether Abdulhamid prolonged
Page 43 and 44: August 5, 1908 while his bitter riv
Page 45 and 46: into key positions there. From now
Page 47 and 48: grand vizier. This caused the inner
Page 49 and 50: war. However, Russia could not supp
Page 51 and 52: C. Ottoman-German Relations During
Page 53 and 54: In order to reorganize the Ottoman
Page 55 and 56: Von der Goltz stayed in Turkey for
Page 57 and 58: compensating the kilometer guarante
Page 59 and 60: East. 97 The Ottomans felt alone in
Page 61 and 62: architect of the establishment of G
Page 63 and 64: leaving all the previous ministers
Page 65 and 66: The defeat in the Balkans had, inde
Page 67 and 68: who were connected with the CUP wer
Page 69 and 70: new losses on the Ottomans at the s
Page 71 and 72: to be headed for a major war. The C
Page 73 and 74: appointments to the senior military
Page 75 and 76: dividing the same provinces into sp
Page 77 and 78: likening his military mission to do
Page 79: Baghdad railroad had two unfinished
Page 83 and 84: present, Turkey can only be advised
Page 85 and 86: Since the Ottoman Empire had been r
Page 87 and 88: 2. If Russia should intervene with
Page 89 and 90: The treaty had various problems, ev
Page 91 and 92: alliance as the only means of assur
Page 93 and 94: accepted by Berlin”. He argues th
Page 95 and 96: B. German-Ottoman War Aims and the
Page 97 and 98: y Germany were achieved, the Empire
Page 99 and 100: October 1, 1914. 234 The German and
Page 101 and 102: against the war. In the meantime, i
Page 103 and 104: directing Souchon to disregard the
Page 105 and 106: Britain and Russia, all of which we
Page 107 and 108: potential enemy. Bismarck had manag
Page 109 and 110: eformed by the Germans during the l
Page 111 and 112: compartmentalization of awareness d
Page 113 and 114: against Russia, culminated in Ottom
Page 115 and 116: Almanya’ya i’zam olunacak Osman
Page 117 and 118: Appendix III İTTİFAK MUAHEDESİ 1
Page 119 and 120: ATASE, Dosya: 73, Klasör: 1646, Fi
Page 121 and 122: Appendix V Başkomutan Vekili ve Tu
Page 123 and 124: 29 TEŞRİNİEVVEL 1330 (11 KASIM 1
Page 125 and 126: D: 3 C: 1 İ. S.: 2 Appendix VII Me
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1.Primary Sources BIBLIOGRAPHY: Gen
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Halil Menteşe, Osmanlı Mebusan Me
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Soy, Bayram, ‘II. Wilhelm, Weltpo
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