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Geothermal Resources Council, TRANSACTIONS, Vol. 3 Septetrber 1979 KLAMATH FALLS GEOTHERMAL HEATINR DISTRICT John H. Lund. Paul J. Lienau. G. Gene Culver. Charles V. Hiqbee ABSTRACT The City of Klamath Falls is proposing to construct a geothermal district heating project. Initially, the systera will heat 14 governraent buildings (Phase I) in the downtown area, subsequently expanded to heat 11 blocks (Phase II), and then to heat the entire 54-block central business district (Phase III). Production wells will be drilled along the east boundary of the City, estimated to supply over 220°F water. A primary 8-inch diameter insulated steel pipeline placed in a concrete tunnel will supply geothermal fluid to a central heat exchange facility at the County Museum Building. Two plate heat exchangers will provide the necessary load for the initial 14 buildings. An injection well is located next to this facility. A closed loop secondary pipeline will supply heat to the 14 buildings at 200°F. This line will consist of buried insulated fiberglass reinforced pipe. The capital cost of the system (Phase I) will be $1.4 million giving an equivalent annual capital, operation, and maintenance cost over a 20-year period of $150,000. Phase II cost of geothermal energy is estimated at $0.29 per therm, whereas the equivalent annual fossil fuel cost is estimated at $0.94 per therm. INTRODUCTION The purpose of the 1977 Field Experiment contract awarded under PON EG-77-N-03-1553 to the City of Klamath Falls, Oregon, is to design, construct, and initiate operation of a geothermal space heating district in the central business district of the City. This direct utilization project is for a City-owned and operated system, initially serving 14 City. County, State, and Federal office buildings (Phase I), with initial expansion to serve 11 blocks of commercial buildings along the pipeline route for the 14 buildings (Phase II), with subsequent expansion to commercial buildings on 54 city blocks in the central business" district (Phase III). The project will include production wells, injection wel1(s), transmission lines, controls, and retrofitting equipment for the governmental buildings. LLC Geothermal Consultants Klamath Falls. Oregon 381 PART I GEOLOGY. DISTRICT BOUNDARIES, & PRODUCTION FIELD Geology and Hydrology The Klamath Falls KGRA is located near the east side and center of the Klamath Basin, a northwesterly-oriented graben. The Klamath Falls urban area is located in the northern and largest portion of the KGRA. The main hot water well area is located adjacent to the eastern fault scarp, over fault blocks that are slightly tilted and raised above the central portion of the graben (Figure 1). The principal geologic formations are lava flows, volcanic breccia (including labilli), locally designated "cinders," and extensive deposits of lacustrine diatomite and tuffaceous siltstones and sandstones. \ofi^GON_iNSTt r.ur^ .£Lt. W.rkU T£M.r..TUIt£ ,17 4000' CLCVATIOH wareit WELL AREA NOAftr lrEup>i00'f.i ISO' f. tVATER \ aouKOdRr ZOO'r WATER BOUNDARr FIGURE 1 Well Water Temperature at 4000' Elevation
« •'t Lund. et. al. In general, the fractured basalts and cinders are highly porous, being capped by a nearly impervious zone of fine grained, lacustrine, palagonite-tuff sediments and diatomite, referred to as the "Yonna formation" and locally as "chalk rock." This formation, Tst on the geologic map. is estimated to be 30 to 150 feet thick in the urban area. It is also interbedded with sandstone or siltstone and fine cinders. The hot water probably originates from the Cascades to the west and Crater Lake area to the north. Deep circulation of the water is speculated, with the heated water upwelling along the east-side fault in the urban area (Hot Springs District), and then flowing in near horizontal aquifers to the southwest. Contours of static well water elevations indicate a hydraulic gradient of from 0.5 to 3 percent sloping to the west and southwest. In almost all cases, the geothermal water is found in confined aquifer thus producing an artesian pressure head. Maximum temperatures are found in the vicinity of the main fault, with up to 235°F being recorded. Temperatures tend to decrease down gradient to the southwest, probably due to cooling with time in the aquifer and mixing with colder shallow ground water. Geothermal wells drilled in the area vary from 90 feet to slightly over 2000 feet in depth. Short term pumping has produced up to 700 gpm (County Museum well), from a single well with 500 gpm (OIT) being pumped on a sustaned basis. Water levels and well temperatures will vary with time, mainly on a seasonal basis. With usage during the heating season, water levels will drop and temperatures increase. During dry periods (late fall) water levels have also been known to drop markedly, most noticeable in artesian wells. Temperature variations of up to 30°F and water level variations of 20 feet are not uncommon. The majority of the approximately 500 wells in the urban area use down-hole heat exchangers to provide space heating and domestic hot water, thus only "heat" is extracted from each well. Approximately 55 of the 500 wells pump the geothermal water from the well to be used in surface heat exchangers and then the fluid is disposed of on the surface (storm sewer, sanitary sewer, etc.). The total hot water extracted in the urban area is approximately 2110 gpm in the winter and 340 gpm in'the summer. Three cases of successful fluid injection are known in the urban area, all within 500 feet of their production well area. District Boundaries Boundaries of the pumping districts for the geothermal distribution system were determined for the urban area. Special attention was given to the boundary for the central business district (referred to as the "Commercial District"), 382 as Phases I. II, and III design were dependent upon the heat load in this district. The remaining districts had their boundaries only approximately located, since their exact heating load was not required for this project. Their location and approximate size would however, be used to locate pipelines and heat exchanger facilities'of the Commercial District for possible future expansion. In addition, certain potential well production areas and storage tank areas could be reconmended based on district locations. The boundary of the Commercial District was determined based on four criteria: 1. location of the supply line for the 14 government buildings; 2. the location of private commercial buildings in the downtown central business district; 3. the location of a proposed mini-heating district for 10 church complexes in the downtown area; and 4. consultation with City of Klamath Falls officials. Based on the above criteria, slightly over 50 city blocks in the downtown area were included in the Commercial District. This area extended from the County Museum (location of the proposed heat exchanger building) to Veterans Memorial Park, varying from 1 to 8 blocks wide and including all but 1 church in the original miniheating district design. A summary of the heat load calculations of this district for Phase I and II are as follows: Phase I (14 government buildings) Peak heat load 15 x 10^ BTU/hr Geothermal flow rate 756 gpm (assuming 40°F AT) Phase II (11 cotmtercial blocks) Peak heat load 28 x 10^ BTU/hr Geothermal flow rate 1390 gpm (assuming 40°F AT) Phase III (entire Commercial District) Building volume 30 x 10^ ft^ Unit peak heat load 4.34 BTU/ft^ Peak heat load (space) 130 x 10^ BTU/hr +(process) 5 x 10^ BTU/hr Total 135 X 10& BTU/hr Geothermal flow rate 6750 gpm (assuming 40°F AT) The remaining district boundaries in the urban area were then located. These boundaries were based on four main criteria: 1. natural topographic features; 2. man-made features; 3. political boundaries; and 4. land use.
Page 1 and 2: Geol^ertnal Resources Council, TRAN
Page 3 and 4: silica concentration in a water sam
Page 5 and 6: Morgan, et at. holes over the anoma
Page 7 and 8: Morgan, et al. point the gradient b
Page 9 and 10: Olson, et al of a theoretically gen
Page 11 and 12: Olson, et al Isherwood, W. F., 1977
Page 13 and 14: Sun and Ershaghi history matching p
Page 15: Sun and Ershaghi eg S o "^ lii z >o
Page 19 and 20: Lund. et. al. FIGURE 3 Production F
Page 21 and 22: W.:-- Lund, et. al. Since the heat
Page 23 and 24: Lund, et. al, and temperature in th
Page 25 and 26: Lund. et. al. of the well with cont
Page 27 and 28: Lund, et, al. special heat resistan
Page 29 and 30: Lund, et. al. Ste«) in {«) Tunne\
Page 31 and 32: Lund, et al. 3. 4. References TABLE
Page 33 and 34: •Edmis-tjon period of time buried
Page 35 and 36: Edmiston VININI FM (SILICEOUS ASSEM
Page 37 and 38: Table I. Chemical analyses and calc
Page 39 and 40: Satkln et al. GEOTHERMOMETRY The te
Page 41 and 42: Denlinger We modeled the gravity da
Page 43 and 44: TABLE 3. RESULTS OF MODELING RESERV
Page 45 and 46: Knirsch Table 1. Continued Location
Page 47 and 48: Knirsch Spring/Well Edgemont Burlin
Page 50: Mariner et al. MomfflatI Min H>0^ 1
Page 54 and 55: Mariner et al. KjRiti/Locit Ion T:i
Page 57 and 58: Mariner et al. T.ibU' I. CftL'iBlr;
Page 60 and 61: Mariner et al. Table 2. CoioposltLo
Page 63 and 64: Mariner et. al. Table 3. Geotherrao
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Mariner et al. Table 3. Geotherraom
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Mariner et al. Table 5. Expected an
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Mariner et al. Table 6. Isotopic da
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Mariner et al. Table 6. Isotopic da
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Mariner et al. 9 K O Figure 10. 10
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Mariner, et al. hot springs and sha
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Mariner et al. Mariner, R. H., Pres
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BOREHOLE GEOPHYSICAL TECHHIQUES FOR
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Thick-Body Studies ^ Prior to 1982,
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J-. - (l.ti.od. Co' FIGURE 4c Downh
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' X • , methods; and, the anomali
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Geolhermal Resources Council TRANSA
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Figure 2. Index map of MCAGCC, Twen
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SMPERATURE GRADIENTS Temperature gr
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EOTHEFttVlAL RESERVOIR— FLUID TEM
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Geolhermal Resources Council TRANSA
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Geology ((aJMG) within the Napa Val
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^C Bomw of (tw VaAmf Figure 4. Tril
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Geolhermal Resources Council. TRANS
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Geophysical studies by Youngs and o
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feothermal aquifer into a zone of i
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INTRODUCTION Geothermal Resources C
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do not become isothermal or have ne
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the heat flow anomaly predicted fro
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INTRODUCTION In our experience, all
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The bo'rehDle" eiectricai, techniqu
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T1ie Cascades Region For the past t
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which is the rociprpGal pE resistiy
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of the .deefjer thermal regime .in
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Wright et al. vide basic data about
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training and experience in each of
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Thermai genesis of dissGlution cave
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JEWEL CAVE THERMAL GENESIS OF DISSO
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the Soviet Union), however, where K
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SiKiype THERMAL GENESIS OF DISSOLUT
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sed onto a longer term lowering are
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Ceothermal Resources Council RADON
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^H—^ ^ * I SAN IGNACtO O o V ' o
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GUTIERREZ-NEGRIN This geothermal zo
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GOSNOLD TEMPEiRAVURc (Doq. C) FIGUR
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GOSfJCLD bas(?raent. radioactivity
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GOSNOLD Sass, J.H., and Galanis, S.
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Corbaley and Oquita 50 sos+cr 4. -f
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Ctorbaley and Oquita "The combined
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JANIK ct al. Old Fort Road valley,
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JANIK et al. with a cold water at a
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JANIK et al. — Pilncipal hot-w«l
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DIRECT HEAT APPLICATION PROGRAM SUm
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TABLE OF CONTENTS Special Session A
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Special Session/Agenda (continued)
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DIRECT HEAT APPLICATION PROJECTS Th
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Institutional Heating Systems 1 Nav
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00 t Agribusiness 1 Utah Roses —
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DIRECT HEAT APPLICATIONS PROJECT DE
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Commercial Prawn Farm Project Page
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Boise City Project Page 2 Project D
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Project Title: City of El Centro Ge
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City of El Centro Project Page 3 St
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Elko Heat Company Project Page 2 Sy
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Philip School Project . Page 2 Proj
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Project Title: Geothermal Energy fo
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INJ EAST - WEST DIAGRAMMATIC CROSS
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.TO CC> ;i'iLjS^" •
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o EXISTING FACTORY A UNION aoiiER I
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Kelley Hot Springs Agricultural Cen
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Project Title: Klamath Falls YMCA 1
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Project Title: Klamath Falls Geothe
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Klamath Falls Project Page 3 Status
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Madison County Project Page 2 Statu
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Monroe City Project Page 2 Status:
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Navarro College and Memorial Hospit
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Ore-Ida Foods Project Page 2 A seis
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Pagosa Springs Geothermal Project P
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Moana KGRA Project Page 2 Fracture
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Project Title: Geothermal Applicati
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'4 ]^ W^^ '!-/..-'
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Project Title: Susanville Energy Pr
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Susanville Energy Project Page 3 Th
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] ^ ITffl^SSH '(gSPW-
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THS Memorial Hospital Project Page
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Utah Roses Project Page 2 Project D
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Utah State Prison Project Page 2 On
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Warm Springs State Hospital Project
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Appendix 1 (continued) Industrial P
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Appendix I (continued) Industrial P
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Appendix 1 (continued) industrial P
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^ Appendix 1 (continued) Industrial
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1. PROJECT SUMMARY - JUNE 1987 1.1
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1. k. 1. m. Name Date Nature Gib Co
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Name Date Nature m. Kevin Fisher 6/
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3. GEOTHERMAL PROGRESS MOMITOR 3.1
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g. If a new or amended Geothermal D
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