extended abstracts - Geomorphic Processes and Geoarchaeology

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Geomorphic processes and geoarchaeology of fir-tree in forest landscapes (to 50-60 %), and a reduction of the share of pine, birch, alder, aspen and broad-leaved species of trees. At this time swamping processes become more active, and the water level of the Pskovsko-Chudskoye lake continues to rise (approximately to 27 m absolute mark). The filling of the Pskovsko-Chudskaya depression with lacustrine waters made human settlements on this territory impossible. At the atlanticum period of the Holocene these are the banks of estuaries and rivers that become suitable for the settlement. This may be confirmed by the discovery of the Middle and Late Neolythic time settlements on the Belaya Struga Lake and on the left bank of the river Obdyox, which after the filling of the Pskovsko-Chudskaya depression with lacustrine waters were situated along the ancient bank line [5]. The Kamenka river basin also becomes perspective for the Neolythic men settlement. For example the cape-like promontories at the riverhead of the estuary of the Kamenka river became especially attractive. Most probably the further search for the Neolythic settlements in the Kamenka river basin will make it possible to confirm this hypothesis. The improvement of the climatic environment at the atlanticum period, which was the climatic optimum of the Holocene, could have also contributed to the settlement promotion. At this time average temperatures of July and January were 1-2º C higher than at present, and annual quantity of precipitations was 25-50 mm larger as compared to that of today. These factors influenced the fitolandscapes of Kamno settlement vicinity. The share of fir-tree in its forestry phytocenoses increases ( more then 5 %) and the share of broad-leaved species of tree (elm, oak, linden, hazel) increases to 10-12 %. In phytocenoses of grassy vegetation the number of preboreal and boreal xerophile species of plants decreases. Due to underground-water level raising and the mouths of the Kamenka river and its gullies flooding swampy landscapes are formed. At the beginning of the subatlanticum period of Holocene the climatic conditions changed to the furher lowering of a temperatures and the increase of dryness. The average temperatures of July and January at this period become 1-2º C lower than today. The precipitation decreases 25-50 mm as compared to modern number. By this reason the share of fir-tree and broad-leaved trees in a forest associations of a local landscapes changed (to 5 %) quotes and the share of pine and birch raised. However, in the middle of subatlanticum period of the Holocene raising of temperatures which was named as «a small climatic optimum of the VIII–XII centuries» in paleogeography was observed. The average temperatures of July and January were 0,5- 1º C higher then modern and the precipitation quantity was 25-50 mm higher than that at present. Such improvement of climatic conditions provoked a new migration of fir-tree into local forest formations on the divide of the Velikaya and the Kamenka rivers. At the same time the share of broad-leaved trees (to 8-12 %) and alder (to 15-20 %) increases. It is to that period of time that the earliest and archaeologically confirmed evidence of settlement of the territory of the ancient settlement Kamno and its vicinity refers. The lowest layer of the ancient settlement Kamno exhibits trustworthy traces of the existence of a large fortified settlement and several smaller settlements of the VIII-IX c. in its vicinity. Leaving the issues connected with the origin of the early population of Kamno outside the limits of our article we can obviously trace its appearance in the riverhead of the Kamenka to migration processes. 293
Geomorphic processes and geoarchaeology The choice of the place of settlement was most obviously determined by favorable nature conditions. Warm and damp climate, lands suitable for arable farming and pasture contributed to the development of agricultural economy at this place. Archaeological data proves this fact. The layers of the VII-IX c. produce numerous finds of cultivated plant seeds (wheat-polba, barley, oats, peas) and more than 20 species of weeds, animal bones, and also agricultural weapons (sickle, ploughshare, scythe, millstone . High construction density traced by archaeological excavations as well as by archaeological geo-physical observation of the whole settlement site also testifies to the conditions favorable for settlement development at this period of time [6]. The observation showed that during the last stage of the settlement existence practically the whole territory of the settlement cape was used by man. Recent investigations give us right to suppose the existence of several non fortified settlements to the South of the ancient settlement Kamno. Beside arable farming the population of Kamno was occupied with bronze casting and other trades (hunting, fishing etc.) Archaeological finds connected with fishery (fish bones, fishery implements) testify to the fact that fishery played a great role in Kamno economy. The research shows that at the period of ancient settlement existence the Kamenka river was rather high watered. Osteological data speak to the fact that Kamno fish catches reflect the ichtiofauna of the river Velikaya delta. Most probably Kamno’s population caught most of fish at the period of spawning when the fish went up the tributaries of the Velikaya river. References 1. Isachenkov, V.A. 1970. Novie Dannie o kuestovom reliefe severo-zapada Russkoi ravnini. Vestnik MGU, Ser. V, No. 1, P. 117-120 (in Russian). 2. Karpuchina, N.V., Tatarnikov, O.M. 2010. Genezis i evolucia Pskovsko- Chudskoi vpadini. Moscow, MGU, Trudi VI Chukinskix chetenii, P. 430-431 (in Russian) 3. Doluchanov, P.M., Vigdorchic, M.E., Znamenscaja, O.M., Sammet, E.Y. 1967. Lokalny razliciya v razvitii rastitelnosti Severnoi Evropi v pozdne- i poslelednikovje i problem datirovki archeologichesky kultur. BALTICA, Vol. 3, Vilnius. Mintis., P. 251- 271 (in Russian); 4. Tatarnikov, O.M. 2004. Evolucija deltovo-estuarievoi sistemi reki Velikoi. ekologicheskii monitoring delti reki Velikoj. Pskov, PGPI, P. 5-8. 5. Mazurkevich, A.N. 2008. Nachodki kamennogo veka s severnix territorii Pskovskoi oblasti. Archeologia i istoria Pskova i Pskovskoi zemli. Pskov, PAC, In-t archeologii RAN, P. 186-193 (in Russian). 6. Plotkin, K.M. 1978. Archaeologo- geophysical study of the ancient settlement Kamno. KSIA, N 152 (in Russian). 7. Tatarrnikov, O.M. 2007. Relief I paleogeografia Pskovskoi oblasti. Pskov, PGPU, 128 p. (in Russian). 8. Tatarnikov, O.M., Sokolova, I.G. 2005. Evoluciya prirodnoi sredi na territorii Pskovskoi oblasti v poslelednikovie. Pskovskii regionologicheskii jornal, P. 115-120 (in Russian). 294
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