extended abstracts - Geomorphic Processes and Geoarchaeology

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Geomorphic processes and geoarchaeology timing of this process cannot be determined with absolute certainty. In the author’s opinion it could have happened during the long settlement cycle when Neoholocene evolution of the valley is placed, and more precisely from the La Tène (pre-Roman) period and up to Roman period. The last stage of the valley shaping processes resulted in formation of a distinct gully in the valley bottom, part of the present day morphology. It is believed to have formed in the subsequent settlement phase in this area associated with Middle Ages. Population inflow entailed clearing of forests to increase the arable land area. With a relatively long time span of Middle Ages and lack of any other relevant data it is impossible to more precisely define the time of subsequent reshaping of the valley bottom and relate this event to the climatic conditions. Clearing of trees which occurred at that time entailed the next increase in sheet washing and development of erosion processes. The gully has survived to the present time owing to forestation of the adjoining land after World War II which has had a preserving effect on the landscape. A clear record of the effect of man’s activity on the formation of hillslope deposits and evolution of landforms was found in the depression Z-1 located in the same area. The analysis of geological structure of this landform has shown that after 315 ± 70 years BP deposition has rapidly intensified producing diamicton modified by agricultural activity. This was most probably related to land use change, namely transformation of forest to farmland, the most recent evidence of which is the topographic map from the second half of 19 th century. This distinct deposition process lasted until ca. 1940 producing 115 cm thick deposits, raising the level of the bottom of the depression. At that time trees were planted in the analysed area and on the adjoining land. As a result the depression and the associated catchment area have become a forested area with hardly any or none hillslope processes. This conclusion is supported by the geological structure analysis of depression Z-4 located near depression Z-1. In the bottom of depression Z-4 hillslope deposits of the Neoholocene period were not found, even though this landform features much more dynamic relief as compared to the depression Z-1. This lack of hillslope layers could be attributed to the presence of forest cover at that time which effectively minimised the effects of water flowing down the slope. That a continuous forest cover existed there for a major part of Holocene is evidenced by the presence of brown podzolic soil in the depression, which is entirely a Holocene material. Forest grew there also in historical times (19 th and 20 th centuries) as it can be seen on the record maps. References 1. Borówka, R.K. 1992. Przebieg i rozmiary denudacji w obrębie śródwysoczyznowych basenów sedymentacyjnych podczas późnego vistulianu i holocenu. UAM, Seria Geografia 54, Poznań (in Polish). 2. Dotterweich, M., Schmitt, A., Schmidtchen, G., Bork, H.R. 2003. Quantifying historical gully erosion in northern Bavaria. Catena, Vol. 50, P. 135-150. 3. Gołębiewski, R. 1981: Kierunki i intensywność denudacji na obszarze zlewni Raduni w późnym würmie i holocenie. Zeszyty Naukowe Uniwersytetu Gdańskiego. Rozprawy i monografie 26. Gdańsk (in Polish). 4. Majewski, M. 2008. Ewolucja form i osadów stokowych w późnym vistulianie i holocenie w rynnie jeziora Jasień. Landform Analysis, Vol. 7, P. 95-101 (in Polish). 5. Ralska-Jasiewiczowa, M. 1999. Ewolucja szaty roślinnej. In: Geografia Polski. Środowisko przyrodnicze. (Ed.) L. Starkel. PWN Warszawa, P. 105-127 (in Polish). 177
Geomorphic processes and geoarchaeology 6. Ralska-Jasiewiczowa, M., Starkel, L. 1999. Zmiany klimatu i stosunków wodnych w holocenie. In: Geografia Polski. Środowisko przyrodnicze (Ed.) L. Starkel. PWN. Warszawa, P. 175-180 (in Polish). 7. Schmitt, A., Zgłobicki, W., Schmidtchen, G., Rodzik, J., Dotterweich, M., Zamhöfer, S., Bork, H.R. 2005. Phases of gully erosion in The Kazimierz Dolny Area (case study: Doły Podmularskie, SE Poland). In: Human Impact on Sensitive Geosystems. (Ed.) W. Zgłobicki and J. Rejman. Maria Curie-Skłodowska University Press, P. 121-128. PALAEOECOLOGY OF MIDDLE – LATE PALAEOLITHIC KABAZI II SITE (WESTERN CRIMEA) BY THE DATA OF SMALL MAMMALS Markova A.K. Institute of Geography, RAS, Moscow, Russia, nature@online.ru Unique multilayered open Middle – Late Palaeolithic site Kabazi II is situated on the third ridge of the Crimean Mountains. Dr. Victor Chabai investigated the archeology of the site and organized the complex study of the deposits of this monument, which includes six archeological Units with many levels [1, 2, 3]. Humans occupied the site during the long period (from Mikulino = Eemian Interglacial till the second part of Valdai Glaciation). This duration was established by archaeological materials and by the results of a number of dating methods (radiocarbon, U-series and ESR). The duration of human occupation was longed about 90 000 yr. (5-2 MIS) and covered the epochs with different climatic conditions. Material. Rich materials of small mammal remains were collected during 2000- 2001 yrs. Small mammal remains were recovered from VI, V, IV, and III archaeological Units with a help of screening and washing of the deposits of these strata. All the archaeological Units include the number of levels. The saturation of the bones in the deposits is rather high. About two thousand of bones have been collected. The 911 bones were identified on the special level. According complex archeological, palynological and geochronological data, all small mammal materials from Units VI-IV correspond to the different stages of Mikulino Interglacial. The materials from Unit III it seems correspond to one of early interstadials of Valdai glaciations [3, 5]. Results. The analysis of rich bone materials of small mammals from Units VI, V, IV, and III of Kabazi II site indicates the following main features of environments during their deposition. The open steppe-like landscapes prevailed during formation these archaeological units. The majority of small mammals identified from the site are the typical habitants of open environments. Some changing in nature could be fixated by the small mammal materials of Kabazi II. The mammal remains, found in Units VI and V, shows on more moderate and humid climate, than in later layers (fig. 1). Some forested or bushed areas were presented near the site during these temporal intervals, what was indicated by the finds of forest species. Later, during the deposition of Units IV-III, only steppe, semi-desert, meadow steppe, and few hydrogenous mammals inhabited the environments near the site. 178
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