extended abstracts - Geomorphic Processes and Geoarchaeology

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Geomorphic processes and geoarchaeology These soils could be responsible for a significant and sometimes catastrophic deformation of the rock mass under seismic actions. Earthquake in 800 BC by calculations of Soloviev O. N. and Kuzin I.P. [3], caused tsunami height of 3-6 m near Anapa. The seismic event of 63 BC resulted tsunami height of 3 m (for comparison – the approximate height of storm waves Temryuk Bay currently is 2-5 m). According to Nikonov A.A. the last earthquake caused a slump area of the Azov Sea coast in the north-west of the Kerch Strait. Occurred landslides were the cause of death of the ancient cities of Pierre and Antissa on the Bosporus. Similar seismogenic landslides (seismic dislocations) are widespread on the peninsula Abrau in the band from Anapa to Novorossiysk. One of these landslides is described by us near of urban settlement Sukko. The cirque rock landslide has length 160 m, width up to 700 m. Destruction of massif in the described area associated with a particular type of rock creep under the influence of long seismic vibrations was called «Pontian phenomenon» by Solonenko V.P. Seismic events cause activation of mud volcanoes. There are documented cases of erupting volcanoes during the earthquakes at the epicentral distance of 100-150 km from the volcano. Eruption, emitting a large amount of mud volcanic breccia, accompanied by explosions, strong emission of gas jets (with or without ignition) and the formation of cracks [6] is especially dangerous. Mud volcanism has been described as a phenomenon in Euxine Pontus coastal area in ancient times. The area of mud volcanoes in the Taman was considered as an entrance to Hades, and the way in it began with mud volcanoes. In 63 BC there has been a partial flooding of the mud of ancient cities, in particular Phanagorja [7]. Processes of clay diapirism in some cases causing a rapid rise in coastal areas are closely related with mud-volcanoes processes. In particular, we have examined the site of the Azov Sea coast near Cape Kamennyj where in 2011 year there was a rapid uplift of the seabed at a speed greater than 2 m / month. Raising occurred in the area length about 600 m and an amplitude of up to 5 m. Such phenomena certainly occurred in the past and could significantly affect the economy of ancient coastal settlements, to cause the destruction of port facilities. Significant impact on the economic life of the Taman Peninsula had a tectonic processes, changes in sea level, as well as lithodynamic processes in the delta of the Kuban (sediment accumulation). Sea-level rise (Nimfeyskaja transgression in the 0-1 century AD) increased abrasion, landslides, underflooding and coastal flooding, mud volcanic activity, etc. According to various authors the highest level of Nimfeyskja transgression did not exceed 1-2 m as compared with modern level. Nimfeyskaja transgression began after Fanagoriyskja regression when the sea level was 5-6 m below today's heights. Subsequent transgression resulted in marine erosion and the partial flooding of coastal settlements. Currently, the highest rate of abrasion (2 m / year) is observed on the eastern coast of the Azov Sea. Erosion increases sharply during the storms. Thus, cliff Golubitskja terrace on area long 1 km withdrew up to 20 m during hurricane of the 1969 year. It is possible that a sharp rise of sea level created a dangerous landslide situation, and areas of the city located near the cliffs began to crumble. Area of marine abrasion has high probability of rock fall associated with the destruction of port facilities. Ingression of large masses of Black Sea waters in the Kerch Strait in the initial phase Nimfeyskja transgression likely resulted in the activation of mud volcanoes. There were fundamental changes in hydrology and sediment dynamics of the river outlet of the Kuban due accumulation of the flow of solid matter of the river, coastal 195
Geomorphic processes and geoarchaeology abrasion material, products of the eruption of mud volcanoes. One of the main branches of the Kuban began to fall into the Sea of Azov. This rotation of the Kuban to the north is associated with tectonic movements. Deposit accumulation within the delta of the Kuban watercourses has gradually formed the peninsula. This is a natural event that has occurred, apparently, in the V century AD had a pernicious effect on commercial shipping and the economy of the cities located within the archipelago. Thus, hazardous natural processes determined not only changes in landscapes of the past, but also could adversely affect the economic activities of ancient settlements. References 1. Prirodnyj risk morskih poberezhij. 2004. In: Atlas «Geologija i poleznye iskopaemye shel'fov Rossii». (Ed.) M.N. Alekseev. Razdel 4. Geojekologija okrainnyh morej Rossii. Sost.: Burova V.N., Pyrchenko V.A., Ragozin A.L. et.al. Moscow, Nauchnyj mir, 4 karty: 4.1-4.4, M. 1 : 75000000; 1 : 5000000 (in Russian). 2. Novyj katalog sil'nyh zemletrjasenij na territorii SSSR s drevnejshih vremen do 1975 g. 1977. (Ed.) N.V. Kondorskaja, N.V. Shebalin. Moscow, Nauka, 506 p. (in Russian). 3. Solov'eva, O.N., Kuzin, I.P. 2005. Sejsmichnost' i cunami severo-vostochnoj chasti Chernogo morja. Okeanologija, T. 45, N0. 6, P. 826-840 (in Russian). 4. Blavatskij, V.D. 1977. Zemletrjasenie 63 g. do n. je. na Kerchenskom poluostrove. Priroda, No. 8, P. 56-57 (in Russian). 5. Shnjukov, E.F., Maslakov, N.A. 2009. Potencial'naja opasnost' grjazevogo vulkanizma dlja sudohodstva. Geologija i poleznye iskopaemy Mirovogo okeana, No. 2, P. 81-92 (in Russian). 6. Mironjuk, S.G. 2010. Grjazevye vulkany Azovo-Chernomorskogo bassejna i prilegajuwej territorii i ocenka ih opasnosti dlja zdanij i sooruzhenij. GeoRisk, No. 3, P. 20-28 (in Russian). 7. Alekseev, V., Alekseeva, N., Morozov, P. 2008. Ob#ekt issledovanija – grjazevye vulkany. Nauka v Rossii, No. 4, P. 92-93 (in Russian). LANDSCAPE-DEPENDENT FUNCTIONAL ZONING OF THE EARLY MEDIEVAL GNEZDOVO SETTLEMENT ON THE UPPER DNIEPER RIVER FLOODPLAIN Murasheva V.V. 1 , Bronnikova M.A. 2 , Panin A.V. 3 1 State Historical Museum, Moscow, Russia, vmurasheva@mail.ru 2 Institute of Geography, RAS, Moscow, Russia, mbmsh@mail.ru 3 Faculty of Geography, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia, a.v.panin@yandex.ru 1. Gnezdovo archaeological complex (late IX – early XI centuries) is situated at the Western Russian border at about 13 km from one of most ancient Russian town Smolensk. It is known as one of the largest archaeological sites of the period of State formation in the Eastern Europe (corresponding to the Viking Age in Northern Europe) and a key-point on the famous route «from the Varangians to the Greeks». As early as at the beginning of 20 th century two hill-forts bordered by extensive nonfortified settlements were fixed in association with about 4000 mounds. The monument scale and materials obtained after its study allow to compare it in terms of several criteria with such northern European proto-urban center as Birka and Hedeby. 196
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