extended abstracts - Geomorphic Processes and Geoarchaeology

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Geomorphic processes and geoarchaeology and ditches. The territory of the ancient settlement is protected by a system of 3 defensive walls and 3 ditches and also an escarp on the slope. The first and second walls (from the top) finish at the edge of the bank and the third goes down the slope. Steep slopes of the walls and ditches suggest that the monument was not exposed to active economic use after its desolation and, probably, has been well preserved. There are 16 interesting archeological finds which are typical for the Moscow region fortified settlements of the Iron Age in the collection from the site of the ancient settlement Dunino. For example, a bone arrow with narrow feather rhombic in section. Summarizing data on the chronology, based on the analysis of things and ceramic, it is possible to suggest that the place of the ancient settlement Dunino had been first settled about the VIII-VII centuries B.C. The site of the ancient settlement was actively used in the Early Diakov time and in the beginning of the Late Diakov stage, i.e. in the V to I centuries B.C. It was during that period that the complex fortification system with three lines of defense was probably built. The finds dating the first half of the I millennium A.D. are practically absent in the collection. Possible reasons are both the incompleteness of sampling (mainly within the northeast edge of the area) and the cessation of life in the settlement at that time. Temporary unfortified settlements of those times could be located within other habitats with similar properties (convex surfaces of landslides, sloping surfaces of remnants of the low valley outwash and low river terraces). They were also used as permanent arable plots, short-term fallows or for cattle-keeping in «shelters». Permanent arable lands were also within the natural territorial complexes located near the settlements and having well-drained soils with relatively high natural fertility (sod-podsolic, with a slight degree of podzolisation, and sod soils of light texture – light dusty loams or sandy loams on near-lying sands). Such conditions are characteristic of the suburotshistshes of gently-sloping and sloping (up to 6°-10° steep, otherwise cultivation becomes impossible) near-network slopes of high and low valley outwash, as well as of moraine-kame hills. Despite middle and even late terms of snow melting under prevailing «cold» northern and northwest expositions of slopes, the combination of runoff and deep infiltration favored quick drying of soils of these habitats. Suburotshistshes of the «crest» of the main surface of the remnant of morainefluvioglacial watershed plain and the gently sloping surfaces of high and low valley outwash were used for short-term and medium-term fallows with «turn» in 10-20 years. They were cultivated during 3-4 years, and sometimes even longer, then small-leaved forests which replaced arable lands were used as fallows and pastures, mainly for cattle grazing. Under such type of cultivation the soil had enough time “to rest” and the most important criteria in selecting plots for arable lands were short distance from the settlement and rather good water-air regime of soils while the fertility of substratum did not play the main role during that period of time. This was even more important for the selection of sites for slash-and-burn cultivation with a long-term fallow, i.e. with a 50-60 years turnover. The main criterion was getting sufficient amount of ash and the absence of constant water-logging of soils (water-logged soils are less suitable for permanent cultivation, particularly for summer crops, first of all, because of the short vegetation period and relative low-fertile substratum). Such lands could be located within several well-drained plots of flat and 211
Geomorphic processes and geoarchaeology gently sloping basic surfaces of the remnant of moraine-fluvioglacial watershed plain and high and low valley outwash. During that historical period of time natural territorial complexes of the high floodplain were most likely used for haymaking and cattle grazing. Cultivation of the floodplain was hampered by long spring flooding or water-logging, and in its rear part also by additional inflow and stagnation of snow melt water from overlying slopes. Sloping shorelines and deluvium-proluvium aprons, as well as similar areas of the first river terrace, covered with alder thickets, elm-tree and oak groves and bird cherry stands were probably used for permanent grazing or keeping livestock, in particular pigs. Unloading of confined strongly mineralized ground water, input of fine particles and nutrients by the surface runoff from slopes and by watercourses of small erosion forms have supported the megatrophic and large plants in the ground cover of those natural territorial complexes, thus producing plentiful forage for pigs. Natural territorial complexes of steep slopes of the valley and small erosion forms have been probably occupied by forest lands. The sections of less steep slopes (no more than 20°) were probably used as cattle tracks or for the limited grazing of small cattle, especially in the spring during the early vegetation of grasses. To a greater extent these natural territorial complexes were used for the limited forestry and, probably, apiculture. Steep slopes of the valleys oriented to the north were evidently covered by forests with significant share of lime-tree. Thus, the natural features and long history of man-nature interaction, as well as the centuries-old forms and territorial structure of economy, are among the factors of integrity of the monuments of spiritual and material culture with their natural environment. Archeological monuments and their natural environment form landscapehistorical complexes, thus making the area unique and extremely valuable for the whole territory of Moscow suburbs. However making it officially an «area of special protection» would require a lot of actions: legislative, organizational, economic, including education and ecological instruction. LAND BRIDGE PROBLEM FOR THE EARLY MEDIEVAL ISLAND FORTRESS OF POR-BAJIN, THE TERE-KHOL LAKE, SOUTHERN SIBERIA Panin A.V. 1 , Bronnikova M.A. 2 , Fuzeina Y.N. 1 , Sheremetskaya E.D. 1 , Uspenskaya O.N. 3 1 Faculty of Geography, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia, a.v.panin@yandex.ru 2 Institute of Geography, RAS, Moscow, Russia, mbmsh@mail.ru 3 Russian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Vereya, Moscow Region, Russia, usp-olga@yandex.ru Fortress Por-Bajin is a 220 × 160-m rectangular architectural complex located on a 6-ha island in the Tere-Khol Lake, south-eastern Sayan-Tuvan Upland, 50.615° N, 97.385° E, 1300 m a.m.s.l. (fig. 1). The lake occupies the south-western edge of the Terekhol Basin, a tectonic depression in the south-western corner of the Baikal rift zone. The fortress is known since early XVIII c., but was first visited by professional scholar only in 1891 [1]. The next archaeologist to study Por-Bajin in late 1950 th – early 1960 th 212
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