extended abstracts - Geomorphic Processes and Geoarchaeology

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Geomorphic processes and geoarchaeology A second method was than developed to localize such areas more precisely using microbiological indications for faeces and urine. The urease enzyme segregate urea into carbon dioxide and ammonia. It is important in the nitrogen cycle of soils and enriched in areas where excrements are or had been present. From selected soil sondages the activity of urease was detected using the classical method of Kandeler / Gerber. An expressmethod was first developed by A. Borisov [2] using special buffer solutions to produce a colour reaction, which can be used as indicators of urease activity. This express-method allows handling large quantities of soil samples. Thus more than 1500 samples from test areas in archaeological sites of Caucasus and nearly 400 samples from the investigation settlement of Trans-Ural were processed. In addition, the whole microbial biomass and the fungal biomass in both investigation regions were determined [1, 3]. The methods were partly at first time applied systematically at archaeological sites. They were employed on areas previously measured by magnetometry and later partly excavated. The difference of all tested parameters between the cultural layer of the settlements and background soils is shown. The impact factors of the methods were proofed also by vertical sampling. Such analyses allowed to evaluate the change of microbiological parameters at various levels of the archaeological structures. The microbiological aspect in soil analysis thus proofed to be highly informative. References 1. Ananjeva, N., Poljanskaya, L., Susyan, E., Vasenkina, I., Wirt, S., Zvjagincev, D. 2008. Sravniteljnaya ocenka mikrobnoj biomassy pochv, opredelyayemoj metodami prjamogo mikroskopirovaniya i substrat-inducirovannogo dyxaniya. Mikrobiologiya, Vol. 77, No. 3, P. 404–412 (in Russian). 2. Borisov, A., Peters, S., Chernysheva, E., Korobov, D., Reinhold, S. (in Press). Nekotorye chimicheskiye I mikrobiologicheskiye svojstva kuljturnogo sloya poselenij kobanskoj kuljtury v okrestnostyach Kislovodska. Vestnik archeologii, antropologiyi i etnografiyi (in Russian). 3. Demkina, T., Stretovich, I., Demkin, V. 2010. Spatial Variability of Microbial Communities in Modern and Buried Soils of the Sakarka River basin, the Privolzhskaya Upland. Pochvovedenie, No. 5, P. 621–631. 4. Ivanova, A., Marfenina, O., Kislova, E., Zazovskaya, E. 2006. Mikologicheskiye charakterisitiki kuljturnogo sloya srednevekovogo poseleniya na dernovo-karbonatnyx pochvax. Pochvovedenie, No. 1, P. 67–71 (in Russian). 5. Marfenina, O., Gorbatovskaya, E., Gorlenko, M. 2001. Mikologicheskaya charakteristika kuljturnych sloev pochv drevnerusskich poselenij. Mikrobiologiya, Vol. 70, No. 6, P. 855–859 (in Russian). 6. Reinhold, S., Belinskij, A., Korobov, D. 2007. Landschaftsarchäologie im Nordkaukasus. Eurasia Antigua. Zeitschrift für Archäologie Eurasiens. Philipp von Zabern Verlag, Mainz am Rhein. Vol. 13. 7. Vanbreuseghem, R. 1952. Technique biologique pour I’isoliment des dermatophytes du sol. Ann. Soc. Belge. Med. trop., Vol. 32, No. 2, P. 173–178. 219
Geomorphic processes and geoarchaeology KROTOVINAS AND STRATIGRAPHIC AMBIGUITIES IN THE UPPER PALAEOLITHIC SITES KOSTIËNKI AND BORSHCHEVO (MIDDLE RUSSIAN PLAIN) Pietsch Dana 1 , Kühn Peter 1 , Lisitsyn Sergey 2 , Markova Anastasia 3 , Sedov Sergey 4 , Sinitsyn Andrey 2 1 Chair of Physical Geography and Soil Science, Tübingen, Germany, dana.pietsch@uni-tuebingen.de 2 Institute for the History of Material Culture, RAS, St. Petersburg, Russia 3 Institute of Geography, RAS, Moscow, Russia 4 Instituto de Geología, UNAM, Mexico The Upper Palaeolithic sites Kostiënki and Borshevo (fig. 1) are worldwide known and have been investigated since the end of the 19 th century [1, 2]. The importance of geoscientific research in archaeological contexts increased within the last decades, mainly for reasons of palaeoenvironmental reconstruction in the area of the excavated sites [3, 4], including research on sedimentation processes and soil development [5], in the present case during the period from 40.000 BP until today. Beside unique archaeological findings such as mammoth bone- dwelling constructions or Venus figurines the localities yield a high variety of colluvial deposits, volcanic ashes, and paleosols beneath the Holocene Chernosem. Figure 1. Location of Kostiënki and Borshevo (from Anikovich et al., 2007) and distribution of krotovinas in K14 in 2011 (black krotovina are filled with pedosediment of the Holocene Tschernosem; brown, greyish and whitish fillings are of different origin and composition) While stratigraphy and cultural chronology – despite some gaps – are known in general, questions of stratigraphical ambiguities, i.e. missing paleosols or colluvial deposits, remained unanswered. When comparing different sections and excavations, one important problem is the irregular occurrence of the Gmelin soil (about 25.000-21.000 BP) or the number of humic beds of the Bryansk soil (about 32.000-27.000 BP) [5]. In contrast, a common and omni-present feature in all sections is the high amount of krotovinas (fig. 1) of e.g. Lagurus lagurus and Cricetus cricetus: paleontological data 220
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