extended abstracts - Geomorphic Processes and Geoarchaeology

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Geomorphic processes and geoarchaeology Geomorphologic investigations. Detailed investigations of mezo and microrelief, spatial cover of deposits for oldowan sites Ainikab-1, Mukhkay-1 (Dagestan Republic, Russia) [3] (fig. 2), Bairaki (Moldova) [4], and Late Paleolithic Divnogorie site (Voronezh region, Russia) were realized. Figure 2. Spatial cover of akusha deposit. There were used GPS survey and georeferenced topomaps Towards to high resolution spatial reconstruction. The main goals of our geospatial reconstructions are to rise of detalization level and to create a conjoint GIS platform. Today high resolution image are available as well as photogrammetric and GIS software. Integration of Google Earth API technology to paleogeo.org website allows all our visitors open wonderful world of paleogeography. References 1. Lavrent'ev, N.V., Chepalyga, A.L. 2008. Opyt primenenija GIS-tehnologij dlja rekonstrukcij beregovyh linij Hvalynskogo bassejna (na primere Prikaspijskoj nizmennosti). Izvestija Akademii Nauk, serija Geomorfologija, No. 3, P. 66-73 (in Russia). 2. Chepalyga, A.L., Lavrent'ev, N.V. 2009. Morfometrija Kaspijskogo morja v pozdnem plejstocene. Fundamental'nye problemy kvartera: itogi izuchenija i osnovnye napravlenija dal'nejshih issledovanij: Materialy VI Vserossijskogo sovewanija po izucheniju chetvertichnogo perioda, Novosibirsk, 19-23 October 2009. SO RAN, P. 124- 129 (in Russia). 3. Chepalyga, A.L., Amirhanov, H.A., Trubihin, V.M. 2009. Paleomagnitnye dannye k datirovke mnogoslojnoj stojanki rannego plejstocena Ajnikab -1 (Central'nyj Dagestan). In: Drevnie migracii cheloveka v Evrazii. Materialy mezhdunarodnogo simpoziuma, 6-12 sentjabrja 2009g. Mahachkala. Novisibirsk, izd. Instituta arheologii i jetnografii SO RAN, P. 36-41 (in Russia). 4. Anisjutkin, N.K., Chepalyga, A.L., Kovalenko, S.I., Burlaku, V.A., Ocherednoj A.K. 2012. Bajraki – novaja stojanka rannego paleolita na Nizhnem Dnestre. Magazin. Arheologija, jetnografija i antropologija Evrazii, No. 1, P. 2-10. 223
Geomorphic processes and geoarchaeology PERMAFROST AS AN ARCHAEOLOGICAL ENVIRONMENT Pitulko V.V. 1 , Pavlova E.Y. 2 1 Institute for the History of Material Culture, RAS, St. Petersburg, Russia, pitulkov@rambler.ru 2 Arctic and Antarctic research institute, St. Petersburg, Russia, pavloval@rambler.ru Permafrost is a global phenomenon, most spread in Asia and in the northern part of North America. In Russia, it covers about 60 % of the territory. Typically these are a remote and/or low populated area which partly causes low frequency of archaeological research. As a natural conservation agent, the permafrost plays an important role for archiving environmental proxy records including osteological remains and biological materials both of animal and human origin, and archaeological finds particularly made of nondurable (organic) materials such as wood, bone (antler, ivory), or fibrous substances of plant or animal origin. Generally, permafrost is defined as any earth material that remains below 0° C for at least two years (on the contrary to diurnal or seasonally frozen ground). Deposits of different genesis (e.g., alluvial, colluvial, aeolian or even bedrock) may constitute permafrost formations. Accordingly freezing can be epigenetic (after the deposition), or syngenetic (if contemporary to sedimentation). But in many cases the permafrost is of polygenetic nature. Ice content is the most important characteristic of the permafrost. It can contain a high percentage of ice or may have practically no ice at all. Ice-rich permafrost contains 20 % to 60 % of ground ice. Epi- or syngenetic ice-wedges are another large constituent of the ice-rich permafrost. Specific form of perennially frozen deposits is known in arctic and sub arctic Siberia namely Ice Complex deposits. Insulation, atmospheric heat, and water are the worst enemies of the permafrost. This changes landscapes quickly and dramatically effects preservation of archaeological sites in permafrost areas, particularly the sites of Pleistocene age, and may lead to the total destruction of them. Therefore the only survey strategy for these areas will be to monitor zone of potential interest with expectation to locate archaeological material as soon as it becomes exposed. Logic of spatial distribution for archaeological sites in the permafrost areas is basically the same as elsewhere, and then regional waterways should first serve as a survey network. The only survey strategy for these areas will be to monitor zone of potential interest with expectation to locate archaeological material as soon as it becomes exposed. Not every archaeological site located within the permafrost region is frozen. This depends on local environmental settings, history of sedimentation, and type of the matrix sediment, that generally determine the thickness of active layer. Thus, many of Holocene and Terminal Pleistocene sites of Siberia and Alaska are not frozen while maritime sites of the same areas are mostly frozen although their materials were deposited within past 2000 years [2]. Even younger sites studied far south of the Arctic – for instance, burial mounds in Mountain Altai area, Russia are frozen. However, these sites as well as burial mounds in Kazakhstan are probably the evidence for use of artificially induced frost conditions resulted from human created structures, made with a purpose to prevent the 224
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