extended abstracts - Geomorphic Processes and Geoarchaeology

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Geomorphic processes and geoarchaeology low-lying plain about to 10 km width, which is run up to the Chorniye Gory ridge. Drainage system belongs to the Tesnaya, Kamyshovaya and Gladkaya rivers. The Kraskino hillford is situated in the central part of the Kraskino depression, an isolated tectonic structure. It was formed in the early Paleogene. Kraskino depression has nearly oval shape with the Expeditsiya bay in the center. Its base consists of granites, sedimentary and metamorphic rocks of the later Paleozoic. Upper layer consists of sedimentary and volcanic rocks of the Cainozoic age. Hat of the geological cross-section consists of Quaternary deposits up to 100 m in width: lams, detritus, gravel, coal, aleurite, loam – alluvial and marine sedimentaries. The highest layer of Kraskino cross-section is a «culture layer». Soft sediments of the Kraskino hillfort’s culture layer are alluvial sandy and argillo-arenaceous deposits. Archeological excavations allowed to locate remains of cult, residential and support buildings, fencings and fortifications. They are represented by fragments of various compositions of rocks. The research of Kraskino hillfort’s rocks was done. The main purpose of geological research is to find out the sources of rocks used for housebuilding and other activities. Researching method is benchmarking rock fragments from hillfort and rocks from Kraskino hillfort’s surroundings. The research was performed in macro- and microscoping (petrological slides’ analysis). Benchmarking allowed to locate possible sources of mineral raw materials and ways of carrying. Kraskino hillfort’s building materials are mainly represented by 14 groups of rocks: 1 – rare-porphyritic plagiophyre andesites; 2 – short- and medium-grained gabbro (gabbrodiorites?); 3 – porphyritic pyroxene basaltic andesites (andesites?); 4 – large-porphyritic dacite andesites; 5 – porphyritic volcanic acid and mid-acid rocks; 6 – aphyric and rareporphyritic volcanic acid and mid-acid rocks; 7 – porphyritic leucocratic granites; 8 – fused tuffs (including pumice tuffs); 9 – mid-grained granodiorites; 10 – psephitic crystallithoclastic tuffs; 11 – volcanic glass; 12 – mid-grained biotite-amphibolic granites; 13 – microgranites, aplites and quartz veins; 14 – lithified sedimentary rocks. Geological research (visual and petrographic analysis of hillfort and surroundings’ rocks, analysis of geological maps and traverse) allows to make following conclusions: 1. Specialities of Kraskino hillfort’s geological structure (soft Quaternary deposits) allow to confirm that all the rock fragments located into the hillfort aren’t. They were have being brought here as a result of antropogenic activities; 2. Kraskino hillfort’s rock fragments can be divided to the 2 groups by its abrasion degree: 1 – variously abrased alluvium, round stones and chunks; 2 – variously sized and shaped sharp edged. 1 st group materials were carried from locations with possibility of natural processing of rocks: river-beds and its surroundings, seashore beaches. 2 nd group materials were selected from natural open-cut mines (bed-rock barings, bank stream gravel). Ways of carrying building materials are mainly water: rivers, ingressive guts, the Expeditsiya bay. 3. Magmatic (intrusive, volcanic and sub-volcanic) units prevailing among the Kraskino hillfort’s rocks. Sedimentary and methamorphic rocks are affluent. The widest represented are volcanic and sub-volcanic units and allied to them comagmatic and shallow intrusive stones. They are represented by porphyritic andesites (group 1), largeporphyritic andesites (group 9) and short- and medium-grained gabbro (group 2). These rocks make base of wall, footing of temple and other constructions. Points of origin of the rocks take place nearby the hillfort (Novgorodskiy peninsula, tuffet near Kraskino 239
Geomorphic processes and geoarchaeology village). Sharp edged chunks were most likely extracted from natural open-cut located on the tuffet’s cleve (left bank of Tsukanovka river). Large-porphyritic andesites usually represented by middle-abrased round stones. They were most likely taken from Tsukanovka river’s channel deposits. These materials have been floated to Krackino hillfort by Tsukanovka river. Porphyritic (group 3, 5) and aphyric (group 6) volcanics of average, mid-acid and acid composition, their comagmates (group 7) and tuffs (group 10) almost completely form the southern part of Novgorodskiy peninsula. The rock fragments (variously abrased round stones and chunk) had been carried to the hillfort most likely through Expeditsiya bay. Volcanic glass ratchel (group 11) are very rarely occur. Pumice and lithoclastic tuffs (group 8) are wide represented among rock fragments in hillfort. They are situated in the interfluve of Tsukanovka and Kamyshovaya rivers and also on the north-western bank of Expeditsiya bay. These rocks form natural open-cuts on the banks of ingressive bay. They can be slightly easily divided into blocks. Fragments of the blocks were carried to the hillfort most likely over the ingressive bay, and then through sea. Mid-grained granites (group 12), microgranites, aplites and quartz fragments (group 13) were rarely used for building. They are represented by lightly rolled rocks and small fragments. These rocks make foundation of the Kraskino basin, their yields are known to be in the middle and upper river of Tsukanovka. Round rocks and large cobble of that composition were most likely took from the bed of river and carried to the hillfort by river. Sedimental lithified rocks (group 14) were rarely used for building in to the hillfort. These rocks are known to occur in the north-eastern part of Expeditsiya bay and central part of Novgorodskiy peninsula. They had been most likely carried by marine way from the Novgorodskiy peninsula with the other materials. It’s necessary to mark good territorial combination of natural resources in the Kraskino hillfort location: rich raw minerals potential and high density of natural water stourages and channels necessary for transporting big amounts of mineral raw materials. This allowed dwellers of middle-aged hillfort to use mineral resources of the surrounding territory for building and other purposes. LATE PLEISTOCENE PALEOSOLS AND ENVIRONMENTAL SETTING OF FIRST MODERN HUMANS IN EUROPE Sedov Sergey 1 , Sinitsyn Andrey 2 1 Instituto de Geología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, MEXICO, serg_sedov@yahoo.com 2 Institute for the History of Material Culture, RAS, St. Petersburg, RUSSIA, sinitsyn@as6238.spb.edu The global spread of the anatomically modern humans from its African homeland which took place during the Last Glaciation is in the focus of intensive interdisciplinary study including a wide range of disciplines (archaeology, genetics, Quaternary geology and paleoecology etc). Paleosols could provide a valuable proxy for the ecological conditions of human migrations and settlement (a) producing records of local bioclimatic conditions with highest spatial resolution, (b) providing information about geomorphological setting (landsurface stability), (c) having close spatial relation to the archaeological sites and materials. 240
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