Evolution and Optimum Seeking

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160 Evolution Strategies for Numerical Optimization shown, GAs other than ESs favor in-breadth search andthus are especially prepared to solve global and discrete optimization problems, where a volume-oriented approach is more appropriate than a path-oriented one. They have so far done their best in all kinds of combinatorial optimization (e.g., Lawler et al., 1985), a eld that has not been pursued in depth throughout this book. One example in the domain of computational intelligence has been the combined topology and parameter optimization of arti cial neural networks (e.g., Mandischer, 1993) another is the optimization of membership function parameters within fuzzy controllers (e.g., Meredith, Karr, and Kumar, 1992). 5.4 Simulated Annealing The simulated annealing approach tosolveoptimization problems does not really belong to the biologically motivated evolutionary algorithms. However, it belongs to the realm of problem solving methods that make use of other natural paradigms. This is the reason why this section has not been placed elsewhere among the traditional hill climbing strategies. In order to harden steel one rst heats it up to a high temperature not far away from the transition to its liquid phase. Subsequently one cools down the steel more or less rapidly. This process is known as annealing. According to the cooling schedule the atoms or molecules have more or less time to nd positions in an ordered pattern (e.g., a crystal structure). The highest order, which corresponds to a global minimum of the free energy, canbeachieved only when the cooling proceeds slowly enough. Otherwise the frozen status will be characterized by one or the other local energy minimum only. Similar phenomena arise in all kinds of phase transitions from gaseous to liquid and from liquid to solid states. A descriptive mathematical model abstracts from local particle-to-particle interactions. It describes statistically the correspondences between macro variables like density, temperature, and entropy. It was Boltzmann who rst formulated a probability lawto link the temperature with the relative frequencies of the very many possible micro states. Metropolis et al. (1953) simulated on that basis the evolution of a solid in a heat bath towards thermal equilibrium. By means of a Monte-Carlo method new particle con gurations were generated. Their free energy Enew was compared with that of the former state (Eold). If Enew Eold then the new con guration \survives" and forms the basis for the next perturbation. The new state may survivealsoifEnew >Eold, but only with a certain probability w w = 1 c exp Eold ; Enew KT where K denotes the famous Boltzmann constant andTthe current temperature. The constant c serves to normalize the probability distribution. This Metropolis algorithm thus is in line with the probability lawof Boltzmann. Kirkpatrick, Gelatt, and Vecchi (1983) and Cerny (1985) published optimization methods based on Metropolis' simulation algorithm. These methods are used quite frequently nowadays as simulated annealing (SA) procedures. Due to the fact that good intermediate positions may be \forgotten" during the searchforaminimum or maximum, the algorithm is able to escape from local extrema and nally might reach the global optimum.
Simulated Annealing 161 There are two loops within the SA process: Lowering the temperature (outer loop) Tnew = f(Told)
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Evolution and Optimum Seeking Hans-
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vi Multiple Data) machines with man
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viii 3.2.1.6 Complex Strategy of Bo
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Chapter 1 Introduction There is sca
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Introduction 3 simple matter to col
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Chapter 2 Problems and Methods of O
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Particular Problems and Methods of
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Other Special Cases 19 with expecta
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Other Special Cases 21 parts of the
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Chapter 3 Hill climbing Strategies
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One Dimensional Strategies 25 then
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One Dimensional Strategies 27 Even
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One Dimensional Strategies 29 The b
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One Dimensional Strategies 31 F(x)
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One Dimensional Strategies 33 For t
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One Dimensional Strategies 35 It is
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One Dimensional Strategies 37 F P F
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Multidimensional Strategies 39 the
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Multidimensional Strategies 41 asch
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Multidimensional Strategies 43 e 2
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Multidimensional Strategies 45 Step
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Multidimensional Strategies 47 Numb
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Multidimensional Strategies 49 wher
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Multidimensional Strategies 53 Numb
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Multidimensional Strategies 55 The
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Multidimensional Strategies 57 Anum
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Multidimensional Strategies 61 Iter
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Multidimensional Strategies 63 (If
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Multidimensional Strategies 65 eval
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Multidimensional Strategies 67 The
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Multidimensional Strategies 69 devi
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Multidimensional Strategies 71 spec
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Multidimensional Strategies 73 othe
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Multidimensional Strategies 75 anot
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Multidimensional Strategies 77 3.2.
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Multidimensional Strategies 81 Brow
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Multidimensional Strategies 83 (197
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Multidimensional Strategies 85 meth
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Chapter 4 Random Strategies One gro
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Random Strategies 89 parts is taken
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Random Strategies 91 Pardalos and R
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Random Strategies 93 to write the n
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Random Strategies 95 the expectatio
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Random Strategies 97 maintained at
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Random Strategies 99 works entirely
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Random Strategies 101 the principle
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Random Strategies 103 out, a limite
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Chapter 5 Evolution Strategies for
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The Two Membered Evolution Strategy
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Numerical Comparison of Strategies
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Core storage required 233 term \cor
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Chapter 7 Summary and Outlook So, i
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Summary and Outlook 237 numerical o
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Summary and Outlook 239 considerabl
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Summary and Outlook 241 is called t
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Summary and Outlook 243 to the prod
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Summary and Outlook 245 tition betw
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Summary and Outlook 247 the experim
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Chapter 8 References Glossary of ab
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References 251 Anscombe, F.J. (1959
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References 253 Bandler, J.W. (1969b
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References 255 Bendin, F. (1992), E
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References 257 Booth, A.D. (1955),
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References 259 Brent, R.P. (1971),
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References 261 Carroll, C.W. (1961)
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References 263 Courant, R., D. Hilb
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References 265 Davies, M., I.J. Whi
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References 267 Dvoretzky, A. (1956)
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References 269 Fiacco, A.V. (1974),
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References 271 Fogel, L.J., A.J. Ow
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References 273 Gill, P.E., W. Murra
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References 275 Graves, R.L., P. Wol
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References 277 Heckler, R., H.-P. S
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References 279 Ho meister, F., H.-P
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References 281 Idelsohn, J.M. (1964
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References 283 Karnopp, D.C. (1966)
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References 285 Kochen, M., H.M. Has
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References 287 Kunzi, H.P., H.G. Tz
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References 289 LeCam, L.M., J. Neym
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References 291 Mamen, R., D.Q. Mayn
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294 References Miele, A., H.Y. Huan
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296 References Murray, W. (Ed.) (19
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298 References Oldenburger, R. (Ed.
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300 References Peschel, M. (1980),
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302 References Powell, M.J.D. (1970
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304 References Rechenberg, I. (1989
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306 References Rybashov, M.V. (1969
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308 References Schmidt, J.W., K. Ve
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310 References Shedler, G.S. (1967)
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312 References Steinbuch, K. (1971)
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314 References Tabak, D. (1970), Ap
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316 References Varela, F.J., P. Bou
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318 References White, L.J., R.G. Da
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320 References Youden, W.J., O. Kem
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322 References Glossary of Abbrevia
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324 References
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326 Appendix A Problem 1.2 Objectiv
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328 Appendix A Minimum: x =(3 0:5)
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330 Appendix A Figure A.3: Graphica
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332 Appendix A Several of the searc
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338 Appendix A Minimum: Start: Prob
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340 Appendix A Problem 2.20 Objecti
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342 Appendix A Problem 2.23 Objecti
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344 Appendix A Start: x (0) i =10 f
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346 Appendix A on the interval 0 y
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348 Appendix A Problem 2.32 after B
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350 Appendix A Constraints: Gj(x) =
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352 Appendix A The constraints form
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354 Appendix A Start: x (0) =(250 2
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356 Appendix A Problem 2.44 As Prob
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358 Appendix A Figure A.29: Graphic
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360 Appendix A Start: Figure A.31:
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362 Appendix A Problem 3.2 (analogo
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364 Appendix A Problem 3.6 (analogo
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366 Appendix A Minimum: x i =0 for
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368 Appendix B LF (integer) Return
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370 Appendix B 4. Convergence crite
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372 Appendix B 8. Function Z(S,R) T
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374 Appendix B 25 L(K)=L(K+1) L(10)
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376 Appendix B LF=2 (continued) No
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378 Appendix B man), vol. 15 of Pro
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380 Appendix B instead of T, as a p
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382 Appendix B 15 CONTINUE 16 FF=F(
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384 Appendix B SK(KS)=AMAX1(SM(I),A
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386 Appendix B B.3 ( + ) Evolution
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388 Appendix B EPSILO (one dimensio
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390 Appendix B GLEICH (real functio
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392 Appendix B GLEICH, and TKONTR d
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394 Appendix B 1 NL=1+N-NS NM=N-1 N
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396 Appendix B ZSTERN=ZBEST K=LBEST
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398 Appendix B C NEGATIVE (LETHAL M
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400 Appendix B C C PREPARE FINAL DA
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402 Appendix B 2 IF(.NOT.BKOMMA.OR.
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404 Appendix B 32 WRITE(KANAL,126)
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406 Appendix B DO 4 I=1,NX KI=KI1 I
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408 Appendix B Subroutine MINMAX MI
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410 Appendix B 2 IF(U.LT..965487131
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412 Appendix B parameters by multip
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414 Appendix B
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416 Appendix C - SIMP Simplex strat
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418 Appendix C C.3.2 How to Install
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420 Appendix C { } return(0.26*(x[0
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422 Appendix C 1 No recombination 2
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424 Appendix C 8e-07 8e-07 Initial
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426 Index Banach, S., 10 Bandler, J
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428 Index Coordinate strategy, 41{4
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430 Index Evolution strategy, 3, 6,
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432 Index Graves, R.L., 23 Great de
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434 Index Khurgin, Ya.I., 89 Kiefer
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436 Index Michie, D., 102 Mickey, M
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438 Index Parkinson, J.M., 61 Parta
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440 Index Rotating coordinates meth
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442 Index Storey, C., 23, 50, 54 St
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444 Index Wilson, S.W., 103 Witt, U
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