Evolution and Optimum Seeking

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248 Summary and Outlook recombination process would free the whole strategy from all kinds of synchronization needs. Initial tests have shown that this is possible. Niching and migration as used by Rudolph (1991) will be the next features to be added to the APES (asynchronous parallel evolution strategy). A couple of earlier attempts towards parallelizing ESs will be mentioned at the end of this chapter. Since all of them are somehow intermediate solutions, however, none of them will be explained in detail. The reader is referred to the literature. A taxonomy, more or less complete with respect to possible ways of parallelizing EAs, may be found in Ho meister and Schwefel (1990) or Ho meister (1991). Rudolph (1991) has realized a coarse-grained parallel ES with subpopulations on each processor and more or less frequent migration events, whereas Sprave (1994) gave preference to a ne-grained di usion model. Both of these more volume-oriented approaches delivered great advances in solving multimodal optimization problems as compared with the more greedy and pathoriented \canonical" ( , ) ES. The comma version, by theway, is necessary to follow a nonstationary optimum (see Schwefel and Kursawe, 1992), and only such anESisableto solve on-line optimization problems. Nevertheless, one should never forget that there are many other specialized optimum seeking methods. For a practitioner, a tool box withmany di erent algorithms might always be the \optimum optimorum." Whether he or she chooses a special tool by hand, so to speak (see Heckler and Schwefel, 1978 Heckler, 1979 Schwefel, 1980, 1981 Hammel, 1991 Bendin, 1992 Back and Hammel, 1993), or relies upon some knowledgebased selection scheme (see Campos, 1989 Campos and Schwefel, 1989 Campos, Peters, and Schwefel, 1989 Peters, 1989, 1991 Lehner, 1991) will largely depend on his or her experience.
Chapter 8 References Glossary of abbreviations at the end of this list Aarts, E., J. Korst (1989), Simulated annealing and Boltzmann machines, Wiley, Chichester Abadie, J. (Ed.) (1967), Nonlinear programming, North-Holland, Amsterdam Abadie, J. (Ed.) (1970), Integer and nonlinear programming, North-Holland, Amsterdam Abadie, J. (1972), Simplex-like methods for non-linear programming, in: Szego (1972), pp. 41-60 Abe, K., M. Kimura (1970), Parallel algorithm for solving discrete optimization problems, IFACKyoto Symposium on Systems Engineering Approach to Computer Control, Kyoto, Japan, Aug. 1970, paper 35.1 Ablay, P. (1987), Optimieren mit Evolutionsstrategien, Spektrum der Wissenschaft (1987, July), 104-115 (see also discussion in (1988, March), 3-4 and (1988, June), 3-4) Ackley, D.H. (1987), A connectionist machine for genetic hill-climbing, Kluwer Academic, Boston Adachi, N. (1971), On variable-metric algorithms, JOTA 7, 391-410 Adachi, N. (1973a), On the convergence of variable-metric methods, Computing 11, 111-123 Adachi, N. (1973b), On the uniqueness of search directions in variable-metric algorithms, JOTA 11, 590-604 Adams, R.J., A.Y. Lew (1966), Modi ed sequential random search using a hybrid computer, University of Southern California, Electrical Engineering Department, report, May 1966 249
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Evolution and Optimum Seeking Hans-
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vi Multiple Data) machines with man
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viii 3.2.1.6 Complex Strategy of Bo
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Chapter 1 Introduction There is sca
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Introduction 3 simple matter to col
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Chapter 2 Problems and Methods of O
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Particular Problems and Methods of
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Other Special Cases 19 with expecta
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Other Special Cases 21 parts of the
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Chapter 3 Hill climbing Strategies
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One Dimensional Strategies 25 then
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One Dimensional Strategies 27 Even
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One Dimensional Strategies 29 The b
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One Dimensional Strategies 31 F(x)
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One Dimensional Strategies 33 For t
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One Dimensional Strategies 35 It is
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One Dimensional Strategies 37 F P F
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Multidimensional Strategies 39 the
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Multidimensional Strategies 41 asch
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Multidimensional Strategies 43 e 2
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Multidimensional Strategies 45 Step
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Multidimensional Strategies 47 Numb
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Multidimensional Strategies 49 wher
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Multidimensional Strategies 53 Numb
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Multidimensional Strategies 55 The
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Multidimensional Strategies 57 Anum
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Multidimensional Strategies 61 Iter
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Multidimensional Strategies 63 (If
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Multidimensional Strategies 65 eval
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Multidimensional Strategies 67 The
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Multidimensional Strategies 69 devi
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Multidimensional Strategies 71 spec
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Multidimensional Strategies 73 othe
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Multidimensional Strategies 75 anot
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Multidimensional Strategies 77 3.2.
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Multidimensional Strategies 81 Brow
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Multidimensional Strategies 83 (197
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Multidimensional Strategies 85 meth
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Chapter 4 Random Strategies One gro
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Random Strategies 89 parts is taken
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Random Strategies 91 Pardalos and R
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Random Strategies 93 to write the n
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Random Strategies 95 the expectatio
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Random Strategies 97 maintained at
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Random Strategies 99 works entirely
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Random Strategies 101 the principle
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Random Strategies 103 out, a limite
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Chapter 5 Evolution Strategies for
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The Two Membered Evolution Strategy
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A Multimembered Evolution Strategy
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Genetic Algorithms 151 too is the c
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Genetic Algorithms 153 mean objecti
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Genetic Algorithms 155 p( ∆x) 1 1
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Genetic Algorithms 157 out any chan
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Genetic Algorithms 159 Average Numb
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Simulated Annealing 161 There are t
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Tabu Search and Other Hybrid Concep
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Chapter 6 Comparison of Direct Sear
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Theoretical Results 167 Oettli, 196
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Theoretical Results 169 where 0
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Theoretical Results 171 tions. Simi
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Numerical Comparison of Strategies
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Page 259 and 260: References 251 Anscombe, F.J. (1959
Page 261 and 262: References 253 Bandler, J.W. (1969b
Page 263 and 264: References 255 Bendin, F. (1992), E
Page 265 and 266: References 257 Booth, A.D. (1955),
Page 267 and 268: References 259 Brent, R.P. (1971),
Page 269 and 270: References 261 Carroll, C.W. (1961)
Page 271 and 272: References 263 Courant, R., D. Hilb
Page 273 and 274: References 265 Davies, M., I.J. Whi
Page 275 and 276: References 267 Dvoretzky, A. (1956)
Page 277 and 278: References 269 Fiacco, A.V. (1974),
Page 279 and 280: References 271 Fogel, L.J., A.J. Ow
Page 281 and 282: References 273 Gill, P.E., W. Murra
Page 283 and 284: References 275 Graves, R.L., P. Wol
Page 285 and 286: References 277 Heckler, R., H.-P. S
Page 287 and 288: References 279 Ho meister, F., H.-P
Page 289 and 290: References 281 Idelsohn, J.M. (1964
Page 291 and 292: References 283 Karnopp, D.C. (1966)
Page 293 and 294: References 285 Kochen, M., H.M. Has
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300 References Peschel, M. (1980),
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302 References Powell, M.J.D. (1970
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304 References Rechenberg, I. (1989
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306 References Rybashov, M.V. (1969
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308 References Schmidt, J.W., K. Ve
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310 References Shedler, G.S. (1967)
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312 References Steinbuch, K. (1971)
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314 References Tabak, D. (1970), Ap
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316 References Varela, F.J., P. Bou
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318 References White, L.J., R.G. Da
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320 References Youden, W.J., O. Kem
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322 References Glossary of Abbrevia
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324 References
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326 Appendix A Problem 1.2 Objectiv
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328 Appendix A Minimum: x =(3 0:5)
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330 Appendix A Figure A.3: Graphica
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332 Appendix A Several of the searc
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338 Appendix A Minimum: Start: Prob
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340 Appendix A Problem 2.20 Objecti
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342 Appendix A Problem 2.23 Objecti
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344 Appendix A Start: x (0) i =10 f
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346 Appendix A on the interval 0 y
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348 Appendix A Problem 2.32 after B
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350 Appendix A Constraints: Gj(x) =
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352 Appendix A The constraints form
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354 Appendix A Start: x (0) =(250 2
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356 Appendix A Problem 2.44 As Prob
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358 Appendix A Figure A.29: Graphic
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360 Appendix A Start: Figure A.31:
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362 Appendix A Problem 3.2 (analogo
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364 Appendix A Problem 3.6 (analogo
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366 Appendix A Minimum: x i =0 for
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368 Appendix B LF (integer) Return
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370 Appendix B 4. Convergence crite
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372 Appendix B 8. Function Z(S,R) T
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374 Appendix B 25 L(K)=L(K+1) L(10)
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376 Appendix B LF=2 (continued) No
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378 Appendix B man), vol. 15 of Pro
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380 Appendix B instead of T, as a p
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382 Appendix B 15 CONTINUE 16 FF=F(
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384 Appendix B SK(KS)=AMAX1(SM(I),A
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386 Appendix B B.3 ( + ) Evolution
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388 Appendix B EPSILO (one dimensio
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390 Appendix B GLEICH (real functio
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392 Appendix B GLEICH, and TKONTR d
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394 Appendix B 1 NL=1+N-NS NM=N-1 N
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396 Appendix B ZSTERN=ZBEST K=LBEST
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398 Appendix B C NEGATIVE (LETHAL M
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400 Appendix B C C PREPARE FINAL DA
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402 Appendix B 2 IF(.NOT.BKOMMA.OR.
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404 Appendix B 32 WRITE(KANAL,126)
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406 Appendix B DO 4 I=1,NX KI=KI1 I
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408 Appendix B Subroutine MINMAX MI
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410 Appendix B 2 IF(U.LT..965487131
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412 Appendix B parameters by multip
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414 Appendix B
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416 Appendix C - SIMP Simplex strat
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418 Appendix C C.3.2 How to Install
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420 Appendix C { } return(0.26*(x[0
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422 Appendix C 1 No recombination 2
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424 Appendix C 8e-07 8e-07 Initial
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426 Index Banach, S., 10 Bandler, J
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428 Index Coordinate strategy, 41{4
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430 Index Evolution strategy, 3, 6,
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432 Index Graves, R.L., 23 Great de
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434 Index Khurgin, Ya.I., 89 Kiefer
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436 Index Michie, D., 102 Mickey, M
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438 Index Parkinson, J.M., 61 Parta
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440 Index Rotating coordinates meth
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442 Index Storey, C., 23, 50, 54 St
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444 Index Wilson, S.W., 103 Witt, U
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