Evolution and Optimum Seeking

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172 Comparison of Direct Search Strategies for Parameter Optimization For a quadratic function with a full matrix of coe cients, just to evaluate the expression xT Axrequires O(n2 ) basic arithmetical operations. If the order of magnitude is denoted by O(nf ) then, assuming f computation time is given by: 1, for all the optimization methods considered so far the T n 2+f n 3 The advantage of having fewer function-independent operations in the Fletcher-Reeves method, therefore, only makes itself felt if the number of variables is small and the time for one function evaluation is short. All the variants of the basic second order strategies mentioned here can be tted, with similar assumptions, into the above scheme. Among these are (Broyden, 1972) Modi ed and quasi-Newton methods Methods of conjugate gradients and conjugate directions Variable metric strategies, with their variations using correction matrices of rank one There is no optimization method that has a cost rising with less than the third power of the number of variables. Even the indirect procedure, in which the equations for the necessary conditions for an extremum are set up and solved by conventional methods, does not a ord any basic reduction in the computational e ort. If the objective function is quadratic, a system of n simultaneous linear equations is obtained. To solve for the n unknowns the Gaussian elimination method requires 1 3 n3 basic operations (multiplications and divisions). According to Zurmuhl (1965) all the other direct methods, meaning here non-iterative methods, are more costly, except in special cases. Methods involving a stepwise approach to the solution of systems of linear equations (relaxation methods) require an in nite number of iterations to reach an absolutely exact result. They converge linearly and correspond to rst order optimization strategies (single step or Gauss-Seidel methods and total step or gradient methods see Schwarz, Rutishauser, and Stiefel, 1968). Only the method of Hestenes and Stiefel (1952) converges after a nite number of calculation steps, assuming that the calculations are exact. It is a conjugate gradient method for solving systems of linear equations with a symmetrical, positive-de nite matrix of coe cients. The main concern here is with direct, i.e., derivative-free, search strategies for optimization. Finiteness of the search in the quadratic case and greater than linear convergence can only be proved for the Powell method of conjugate directions and for the Davidon-Fletcher-Powell variable metric method, which Stewart reformulated as a derivative-free quasi-Newton method. Of the coordinates strategy, at best it can be said that it converges linearly. The same holds for the simple gradient methods. There are also versions of them in which the partial derivatives are obtained numerically. Since various comparison tests have shown them to be rather ine ective in highly non-linear situations, none is considered here. No theoretically founded statements about convergence rates and Q-properties are available for the other direct strategies. The rate of progress dened by Rechenberg (1973) for the evolution strategy with adaptive step length control
Numerical Comparison of Strategies 173 represents an average measure of convergence. It could, however, only be determined theoretically for two selected model objective functions. The one with concentric contour lines, or contour hypersurfaces, can be regarded as a special case of a quadratic objective function. The formula for the local rate of progress in both the two membered and the multimembered strategies has the form r is the current distance from the objective: '(r) =c r c = const: n r = kx (k) ; x k and ' is the change in r at one iteration or mutation Rearrangement of the above formulae gives '(r) =4r = kx (k) ; x k;kx (k+1) ; x k kx (k+1) ; x k = kx (k) ; x k 1 ; c n or kx (k) ; x k = kx (0) ; x k 1 ; c n k which because 0 < 1 ; c < 1 n for 1 n
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Evolution and Optimum Seeking Hans-
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vi Multiple Data) machines with man
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viii 3.2.1.6 Complex Strategy of Bo
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Chapter 1 Introduction There is sca
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Introduction 3 simple matter to col
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Chapter 2 Problems and Methods of O
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Particular Problems and Methods of
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Other Special Cases 19 with expecta
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Other Special Cases 21 parts of the
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Chapter 3 Hill climbing Strategies
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One Dimensional Strategies 25 then
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One Dimensional Strategies 27 Even
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One Dimensional Strategies 29 The b
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One Dimensional Strategies 31 F(x)
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One Dimensional Strategies 33 For t
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One Dimensional Strategies 35 It is
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One Dimensional Strategies 37 F P F
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Multidimensional Strategies 39 the
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Multidimensional Strategies 41 asch
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Multidimensional Strategies 43 e 2
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Multidimensional Strategies 45 Step
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Multidimensional Strategies 47 Numb
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Multidimensional Strategies 49 wher
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Multidimensional Strategies 53 Numb
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Multidimensional Strategies 55 The
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Multidimensional Strategies 57 Anum
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Multidimensional Strategies 61 Iter
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Multidimensional Strategies 63 (If
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Multidimensional Strategies 65 eval
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Multidimensional Strategies 67 The
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Multidimensional Strategies 69 devi
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Multidimensional Strategies 71 spec
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Multidimensional Strategies 73 othe
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Multidimensional Strategies 75 anot
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Multidimensional Strategies 77 3.2.
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Multidimensional Strategies 81 Brow
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Multidimensional Strategies 83 (197
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Multidimensional Strategies 85 meth
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Chapter 4 Random Strategies One gro
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Random Strategies 89 parts is taken
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Random Strategies 91 Pardalos and R
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Random Strategies 93 to write the n
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Random Strategies 95 the expectatio
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Random Strategies 97 maintained at
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Random Strategies 99 works entirely
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Random Strategies 101 the principle
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Random Strategies 103 out, a limite
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Chapter 5 Evolution Strategies for
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The Two Membered Evolution Strategy
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A Multimembered Evolution Strategy
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Page 165 and 166: Genetic Algorithms 157 out any chan
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Page 169 and 170: Simulated Annealing 161 There are t
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Numerical Comparison of Strategies
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Core storage required 233 term \cor
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Chapter 7 Summary and Outlook So, i
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Summary and Outlook 237 numerical o
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Summary and Outlook 239 considerabl
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Summary and Outlook 241 is called t
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Summary and Outlook 243 to the prod
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Summary and Outlook 245 tition betw
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Summary and Outlook 247 the experim
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Chapter 8 References Glossary of ab
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References 251 Anscombe, F.J. (1959
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References 253 Bandler, J.W. (1969b
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References 255 Bendin, F. (1992), E
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References 257 Booth, A.D. (1955),
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References 259 Brent, R.P. (1971),
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References 261 Carroll, C.W. (1961)
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References 263 Courant, R., D. Hilb
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References 265 Davies, M., I.J. Whi
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References 267 Dvoretzky, A. (1956)
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References 269 Fiacco, A.V. (1974),
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References 271 Fogel, L.J., A.J. Ow
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References 273 Gill, P.E., W. Murra
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References 275 Graves, R.L., P. Wol
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References 277 Heckler, R., H.-P. S
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References 279 Ho meister, F., H.-P
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References 281 Idelsohn, J.M. (1964
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References 283 Karnopp, D.C. (1966)
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References 285 Kochen, M., H.M. Has
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References 287 Kunzi, H.P., H.G. Tz
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References 289 LeCam, L.M., J. Neym
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References 291 Mamen, R., D.Q. Mayn
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294 References Miele, A., H.Y. Huan
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296 References Murray, W. (Ed.) (19
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298 References Oldenburger, R. (Ed.
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300 References Peschel, M. (1980),
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302 References Powell, M.J.D. (1970
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304 References Rechenberg, I. (1989
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306 References Rybashov, M.V. (1969
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308 References Schmidt, J.W., K. Ve
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310 References Shedler, G.S. (1967)
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312 References Steinbuch, K. (1971)
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314 References Tabak, D. (1970), Ap
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316 References Varela, F.J., P. Bou
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318 References White, L.J., R.G. Da
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320 References Youden, W.J., O. Kem
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322 References Glossary of Abbrevia
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324 References
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326 Appendix A Problem 1.2 Objectiv
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328 Appendix A Minimum: x =(3 0:5)
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330 Appendix A Figure A.3: Graphica
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332 Appendix A Several of the searc
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338 Appendix A Minimum: Start: Prob
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340 Appendix A Problem 2.20 Objecti
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342 Appendix A Problem 2.23 Objecti
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344 Appendix A Start: x (0) i =10 f
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346 Appendix A on the interval 0 y
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348 Appendix A Problem 2.32 after B
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350 Appendix A Constraints: Gj(x) =
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352 Appendix A The constraints form
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354 Appendix A Start: x (0) =(250 2
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356 Appendix A Problem 2.44 As Prob
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358 Appendix A Figure A.29: Graphic
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360 Appendix A Start: Figure A.31:
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362 Appendix A Problem 3.2 (analogo
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364 Appendix A Problem 3.6 (analogo
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366 Appendix A Minimum: x i =0 for
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368 Appendix B LF (integer) Return
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370 Appendix B 4. Convergence crite
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372 Appendix B 8. Function Z(S,R) T
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374 Appendix B 25 L(K)=L(K+1) L(10)
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376 Appendix B LF=2 (continued) No
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378 Appendix B man), vol. 15 of Pro
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380 Appendix B instead of T, as a p
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382 Appendix B 15 CONTINUE 16 FF=F(
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384 Appendix B SK(KS)=AMAX1(SM(I),A
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386 Appendix B B.3 ( + ) Evolution
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388 Appendix B EPSILO (one dimensio
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390 Appendix B GLEICH (real functio
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392 Appendix B GLEICH, and TKONTR d
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394 Appendix B 1 NL=1+N-NS NM=N-1 N
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396 Appendix B ZSTERN=ZBEST K=LBEST
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398 Appendix B C NEGATIVE (LETHAL M
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400 Appendix B C C PREPARE FINAL DA
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402 Appendix B 2 IF(.NOT.BKOMMA.OR.
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404 Appendix B 32 WRITE(KANAL,126)
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406 Appendix B DO 4 I=1,NX KI=KI1 I
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408 Appendix B Subroutine MINMAX MI
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410 Appendix B 2 IF(U.LT..965487131
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412 Appendix B parameters by multip
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414 Appendix B
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416 Appendix C - SIMP Simplex strat
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418 Appendix C C.3.2 How to Install
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420 Appendix C { } return(0.26*(x[0
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422 Appendix C 1 No recombination 2
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424 Appendix C 8e-07 8e-07 Initial
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426 Index Banach, S., 10 Bandler, J
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428 Index Coordinate strategy, 41{4
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430 Index Evolution strategy, 3, 6,
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432 Index Graves, R.L., 23 Great de
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434 Index Khurgin, Ya.I., 89 Kiefer
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436 Index Michie, D., 102 Mickey, M
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438 Index Parkinson, J.M., 61 Parta
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440 Index Rotating coordinates meth
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442 Index Storey, C., 23, 50, 54 St
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444 Index Wilson, S.W., 103 Witt, U
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