Endnotes 16 <strong>The</strong> argument <strong>of</strong> this paragraph was suggested in part by J.B. Hirst, ‘Centralization Reconsidered: <strong>the</strong> South Australian Education Act <strong>of</strong> 1875’, Historical Studies, xiii, 49 and Hirst, <strong>Adelaide</strong> and <strong>the</strong> Country, chs. 1, 3. 17 Pike, op. cit., p.80. 18 C.H. Spence, State Children in <strong>Adelaide</strong>: a History <strong>of</strong> Boarding Out in its Development, <strong>Adelaide</strong>, 1907, pp.7, 8; Pike, op. cit., pp.318, 319; SA Ordinance No.11 <strong>of</strong> 1843; SA, Government Gazette, 24 August 1848. 19 SA, Government Gazette, 22 February 1849; Report <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Destitute Board, SA, Government Gazette, 17 January 1850; Register, 19 January 1850. 20 SA, Government Gazette, 20 June 1850. 21 Rosamond and Florence Davenport Hill, What We Saw in Australia, London, 1875, p.141. 22 [SA], 26 & 27 Vic., 1863, no.3; SA, Government Gazette, 7 April 1864. 23 SA Parliament, Debates, 16 February 1866, c.1073. 24 SA Parliament, Papers, no.9; SA Parliament, Debates, 1866, cc.376-7. 25 F.P. Cobbe, ‘<strong>The</strong> Philosophy <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Poor-Laws’, Fraser’s Magazine, September 1864, republished as pamphlet, London, 1865. 26 Ivy Pinchbeck & Margaret Hewitt, Children in English Society Volume ii, London, 1973, pp.522-523. 27 Register, 14 March 1866; Observer, 17 March 1866; C.E. Clark, ‘<strong>The</strong> Boarding-Out Society’, in Spence, State Children, p.17; Boarding-Out Society, Report, <strong>Adelaide</strong>, 1873; C.E. Clark, ‘Report <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Initiation and Progress for <strong>the</strong> Movement for Boarding out <strong>the</strong> Children <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> State in <strong>the</strong> Province <strong>of</strong> South Australia’, MS., SAA. 28 SA Parliament, Debates, 13 September 1866, cc.375-6; Boarding-Out Society, Report, 1873, pp.3-4; [Victoria] 27 Vic. 1864, no.216; [SA] 30 Vic. 1866-7, no.12. 29 [SA] 35 & 36 Vic. 1872, no.26. 30 Register, 17 August 1870 ; Constance M. Davey, Children and <strong>the</strong>ir Law-makers, <strong>Adelaide</strong>, 1956, p.4. 31 ‘Report <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Committee <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Legislative Council on Destitute Establishments’, Register, 28 October 1867; see also Rosemary Byerley, ‘<strong>The</strong> Treatment <strong>of</strong> children in State Institutions in South Australia, 1867-1885’, BA Hons <strong>the</strong>sis, <strong>University</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>Adelaide</strong>, 1967. 32 SA Parliament, Debates, 17 July 1876, c.104 ; SA Parliament, Papers, 1867, no.50; SA Parliament, Debates, 23 July 1867, c.156, 31 July 1867, c.231. 33 SA Parliament, Debates, 8 January 1869, c.1376, 1 October 1869, c.484, 24 April 1872, c.608, 25 April 1872, c.655; Clark, ‘<strong>The</strong> Boarding-Out Society’, p.19; Davey, Children and <strong>the</strong>ir Lawmakers, p.7. 34 Boarding-Out Society, Reports, 1873, pp.3-4, 1873-86, rule 8 (printed in each annual report); Clark, ‘Initiation and Progress <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Movement for Boarding out’, p.3. 35 Boarding-Out Society, Reports, 1873-86, rule 5, lists <strong>of</strong> subscribers; for minimum and maximum numbers <strong>of</strong> visitors, see Report, 1886, Report, 1877. 36 Boarding-Out Society, Reports, 1873-86, rule 2; Lucy Webb, ‘Our Viceregal Ladies’, in L. Brown et al. (eds.), A Book <strong>of</strong> South Australian <strong>Women</strong> in <strong>the</strong> first Hundred Years, <strong>Adelaide</strong>, 1936, p.86; entry for Henry Ayers and John Cotton in Australian Dictionary <strong>of</strong> Biography, vol. iii; entry for Samuel Davenport in Mennell, Dictionary <strong>of</strong> Australasian Biography. Barbalet observed that Spence was probably <strong>the</strong> poorest member <strong>of</strong> this group, p.265, n.48. 37 Boarding-Out Society, Reports, treasurer’s reports, 1878, p.5, 1879, p.8, 1884, p.3; SA Parliament, Papers, 1885, vol.4, no.228, pp.236, 245. 38 Barbalet, op. cit., pp.202-204. 177
<strong>Unbridling</strong> <strong>the</strong> <strong>Tongues</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>Women</strong> 39 Ibid., p.204. 40 [SA]11 & 12 Vic. 1848, no.8. 41 Boarding-Out Society, Report, 1878, p.4. 42 Barbalet, op. cit., p.xii. 43 See Prochaska, <strong>Women</strong> and Philanthropy, passim. 44 SA Parliament, Papers, 1885, vol.4, no.228; SA Government Gazette, 9 December 1886. 45 Last, ‘A paper on <strong>the</strong> life and work <strong>of</strong> Sir Edward Charles Stirling’; W.G.K. Duncan & R.A. Leonard, <strong>The</strong> <strong>University</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>Adelaide</strong> 1874-1974, <strong>Adelaide</strong>, 1973, p.34. 46 SA Parliament, Papers, 1889, no.108; Spence, State Children, pp.30-31. 47 Victorian Parliament, Papers, 1892-3, vol.4, no.60, p.511; Spence, State Children, p.29. 48 SA Parliament, Papers, 1896, no.81 ; [SA] 58 & 59 Vic. 1895, no.641; Spence, op. cit., p.48. 49 Charity review: i, 1, pp.4-5; i, 2, pp.7-9; v, 2, pp.5-8; <strong>Women</strong>’s Sphere, March 1901, pp.59-60; Spence, Autobiography, p.69; Register, 4 April 1893; C.H. Spence, ‘Care <strong>of</strong> Children in Australia’ in J.H. Finley (ed.), International Congress <strong>of</strong> Charities Correction and Philanthropy, Chicago, 1893, pp.291-3; C.H. Spence, ‘Charity in South Australia’, Proceedings <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> first Australasian Conference on Charity held in Melbourne from 11 to 17 November, 1890, Melbourne, 1890; C.H. Spence, untitled sermon headed ‘Melbourne – Sunday evening’, 8 May, no year, MS., ML; C.H. Spence, address on National Council <strong>of</strong> <strong>Women</strong>, n.p., n.d., MS., ML; Spence, State Children. 50 See Barbalet, op. cit., p.205. I am indebted to John Tregenza for first drawing my attention to <strong>the</strong> exaggerations in Spence’s claims. 51 Minutes <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Destitute Board: 21 January 1897, minute 419; 23 December 1897, minute 466, MS., SAA; (Spence), Autobiography, p.83; Cook, ‘Spence’, p.2. 52 SA Parliament, Papers, 1885, no.288, p.237 ; C.H. Spence, ‘National or Compulsory Providence’, Proceedings <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Second Australasian Conference on Charity, Melbourne, 1892, pp.77-85. 53 C.H. Spence, note headed ‘<strong>the</strong> Decline in <strong>the</strong> Birthrate’, unpublished, n.d., MS., ML. 54 C.H. Spence, <strong>The</strong> Elberfeld System <strong>of</strong> Charity: a Study <strong>of</strong> Poverty, <strong>Adelaide</strong>, 1906. 55 Gareth Stedman Jones, Outcast London, Oxford, 1971, pp.260-261; Spence, Elberfeld System. 56 Daniels, ‘Ca<strong>the</strong>rine Spence’, pp.59-63. 57 See appendices, Magarey, ‘A Study <strong>of</strong> Ca<strong>the</strong>rine Helen Spence’. 58 Boarding-Out Society, Report, 1878, pp.7-8. 59 Ibid; Spence, State Children, pp.85-6. 60 C.H. Spence, Address to <strong>the</strong> National Council <strong>of</strong> <strong>Women</strong>, 30 May 1905, MS., ML. 61 ‘State Children’ Convention, <strong>Adelaide</strong>, 1907, p.9. 5 Learning for <strong>the</strong> future 1 See, for example, C.H. Spence, evidence to Commission on <strong>the</strong> working <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Education Acts, SA Parliament, Papers, 1882, no.27, p.143. 2 Spence, ‘A Week in <strong>the</strong> Future’, Centennial Magazine, 7, (1888), pp.657, 659, 660. 3 SA Ordinance no.14, 1846; Ordinances nos. 10 and 11, 1847; SA Government Gazette, 7 August 1851. 4 SA Ordinance no.20, 1851. 5 Douglas Pike, ‘<strong>The</strong> History <strong>of</strong> Education in South Australia’, in E.L. French (ed.), Melbourne Studies in Education 1957-1958, Melbourne, 1958; A.G. Austin, Australian Education 1788- 1900, Melbourne, 1961, pp.159-60. 6 Young, Spence, p.48. 178
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