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Expressions A model using one of the simple provided units systems is shown in figure 3.8. This unit system is called BasicUnits; the units it defines can be examined by double clicking on its icon, or by invoking Configure, as shown in figure 3.9. In that figure, we see that “meters”, “meter”, and “m” are defined, and are all synonymous. Moreover, “cm” is defined, and given value “0.01*meters”, and “in”, “inch” and “inches” are defined, all with value “2.54*cm”. FIGURE 3.8. Example of a model that includes a unit system. FIGURE 3.9. Units defined in a units system can be examined by invoking Configure on its icon. 116 Ptolemy II
Expressions In the example in figure 3.8, a constant with value “1.0 * meter” is fed into a Scale actor with scale factor equal to “2.0/ms”. This produces a result with dimensions of length over time. If we feed this result directly into a Display actor, then it is displayed as “2000.0 meters/seconds”, as shown in figure 3.10, top display. The canonical units for length are meters, and for time are seconds. In figure 3.8, we also take the result and feed it to the InUnitsOf actor, which performs divides its input by its argument, and checks to make sure that the result is unitless. This tells us that 2 meters/ms is equal to about 78,740 inches/second. The InUnitsOf actor can be used to ensure that numbers are interpreted correctly in a model, which can be effective in catching certain kinds of critical errors. For example, if in figure 3.8 we had entered “seconds/inch” instead of “inches/second” in the InUnitsOf actor, we would have gotten the exception in figure 3.11 instead of the execution in figure 3.10. Units systems are built entirely on the expression language infrastructure in Ptolemy II. The units system icons actually represent instances of scope-extending attributes, which are attributes whose parameters are in scope as if those parameters were directly contained by the container of the scopeextending attribute. That is, scope-extending attributes can define a collection of variables and constants that can be manipulated as a unit. In version 2.0 of Ptolemy II, two fairly extensive units systems are provided, CGSUnitBase and ElectronicUnitBase. Nonetheless, these are intended as examples only, and can no doubt be significantly improved and extended. FIGURE 3.10. Result of running the model in figure 3.8. FIGURE 3.11. Example of an exception resulting from a units mismatch. Heterogeneous Concurrent Modeling and Design 117
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PTOLEMY II HETEROGENEOUS CONCURRENT
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VOLUME 1 INTRODUCTION TO PTOLEMY II
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Volume 1 Contents Introduction to P
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2.10.3. Constructing Modal Models 8
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7. MoML 191 7.1. Introduction 191 7
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1 Introduction Author: Edward A. Le
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Introduction heterochronous dataflo
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Introduction A major emphasis in Pt
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Introduction determine when actors
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Introduction provides levels of vis
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Introduction is a guard, and the se
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Introduction well. All of these are
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Introduction clients to update thei
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Introduction will be supplied with
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Introduction 1.3.12 Synchronous Dat
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Introduction FIGURE 1.10. Refinemen
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Introduction occlusions due to terr
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Introduction tion. The overall arch
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Introduction kernel.attributes This
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Introduction 1.5.2 Overview of Key
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Introduction Actor interfaces are k
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Heterogeneous Concurrent Modeling a
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Introduction actor actor.gui data.e
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Introduction cient, scalable, and u
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Introduction 1.5.8 Future Capabilit
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Introduction Appendix A: UML — Un
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Introduction grams, the only constr
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2 Using Vergil Authors: Edward A. L
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Using Vergil 2.2.2 Executing a Pre-
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Using Vergil The Lorenz attractor m
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Using Vergil The Continuous-Time (C
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Using Vergil box in figure 2.11. En
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Using Vergil Don’t panic! Excepti
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Using Vergil tions are a normal par
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Using Vergil 2.4 Hierarchy Ptolemy
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Using Vergil Then using these ports
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Using Vergil the default 0.1 to 0.0
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Page 77 and 78: Using Vergil FIGURE 2.33. The pan w
Page 79 and 80: Using Vergil we have modified the c
Page 81 and 82: Using Vergil model, simply copy (or
Page 83 and 84: Using Vergil A key issue is to deci
Page 85 and 86: Using Vergil instances. This proble
Page 87 and 88: Using Vergil quick tour for more de
Page 89 and 90: Using Vergil uses the index in the
Page 91 and 92: Using Vergil AddSubtract actor, and
Page 93 and 94: Using Vergil If you look inside the
Page 95 and 96: Using Vergil If you look inside the
Page 97 and 98: Using Vergil transition (or right c
Page 99 and 100: Using Vergil Once you have created
Page 101 and 102: Using Vergil The grid is turned off
Page 103 and 104: Authors: Edward A. Lee Xiaojun Liu
Page 105 and 106: Expressions classes to create a gen
Page 107 and 108: Expressions The % operation is a mo
Page 109 and 110: Expressions attribute, which includ
Page 111 and 112: Expressions 3.3.5 State Machines Ex
Page 113 and 114: Expressions whose value is an array
Page 115 and 116: Expressions from it. For instance,
Page 117 and 118: Expressions defined. For example, >
Page 119 and 120: Expressions length is given by the
Page 121 and 122: Expressions Thus, for example, you
Page 123 and 124: Expressions number. With one additi
Page 125: Expressions value. For example, fix
Page 129 and 130: Expressions A.2 Basic Mathematical
Page 131 and 132: Expressions A.3 Matrix, Array, and
Page 133 and 134: Expressions A.5 Signal Processing F
Page 135 and 136: Expressions TABLE 8: Functions perf
Page 137 and 138: 4 Actor Libraries Authors: Elaine C
Page 139 and 140: Actor Libraries properly in the CT
Page 141 and 142: Actor Libraries ing that multiple c
Page 143 and 144: Actor Libraries TypedAtomicActor «
Page 145 and 146: Actor Libraries SequenceScope (exte
Page 147 and 148: Actor Libraries UnsignedByteArrayTo
Page 149 and 150: Actor Libraries MobileFunction (ext
Page 151 and 152: Actor Libraries LogicFunction (exte
Page 153 and 154: Actor Libraries Sleep (extends Tran
Page 155 and 156: Actor Libraries VariableFIR (extend
Page 157 and 158: Actor Libraries Integrator: Integra
Page 159 and 160: Actor Libraries Figure 4.4 shows th
Page 161 and 162: 5 Designing Actors Authors: Christo
Page 163 and 164: Designing Actors /** Javadoc commen
Page 165 and 166: Designing Actors although with most
Page 167 and 168: Designing Actors import ptolemy.act
Page 169 and 170: Designing Actors makes such actors
Page 171 and 172: Designing Actors same parameter val
Page 173 and 174: Designing Actors morphic actor comp
Page 175 and 176: Designing Actors To get data polymo
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Designing Actors public class Seque
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Designing Actors be used in domains
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Designing Actors alComm actor. Beca
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Designing Actors attribute has valu
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Designing Actors import ptolemy.act
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6 Coding Style Authors: Christopher
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Coding Style /* One line descriptio
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Coding Style Copyright (c) 2004 The
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Coding Style @version $Id: NamedObj
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Coding Style } We use instead the i
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Coding Style * @exception MyExcepti
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Coding Style + "it does not impleme
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Authors: Edward A. Lee Steve Neuend
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MoML cutes it forever, until you hi
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MoML A second difference between ou
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MoML
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MoML 7.3.3 Names and Classes Most M
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MoML Here, the element named
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MoML implement. 7.3.7 Doc Element S
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MoML It is also sometimes necess
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MoML then there will be a link t
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MoML found. For example, if the cla
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MoML it cannot collide with the nam
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MoML The rendering of the icon is d
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MoML 7.4.5 Deleting Entities, Relat
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MoML This unlinks a port from the s
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MoML model. The EntityLibrary class
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MoML Suppose that using incremental
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MoML Generate a sine wave.
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MoML
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MoML Number of iterations in
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MoML -P- The f
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MoML -P- The phase,
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8 Custom Applets Authors: Edward A.
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Custom Applets html code, see the J
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Custom Applets public class Tutoria
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Custom Applets then the result of
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Custom Applets 8.3.5 Using Model Pa
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Custom Applets ptolemy/domains/doma
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References [1] G. Agha, Actors: A M
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[33] S. A. Edwards, “The Specific
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[67] E. Kohler, The Click Modular R
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[95] J. Liu, X. Liu, T. J. Koo, B.
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[132]W. R. Sutherland, "The on-Line
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Glossary abstract syntax ..........
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Ptolemy II ........................
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Index Symbols - in UML 41 # in UML
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coin flips 142 Color class 173 colo
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entity in XML 198 EntityLibrary cla
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Director class 159 inverse FFT 124
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CompositeEntity class 206 nextPower
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safety 34 SampleDelay actor 78, 138
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type constraint 155 type constraint
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