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Actor Libraries morphic with respect to data types. A second form of polymorphism, introduced in Ptolemy II, is domain polymorphism, where a component adapts in a controlled way to the protocols that are used to exchange data between components. For example, an addition operation can accept input data delivered by any of a number of mechanisms, including discrete events, rendezvous, and asynchronous message passing. Ptolemy II includes libraries of polymorphic actors that use both kinds of polymorphism to maximize reusability. Actors from these libraries can be used in a broad range of domains, where the domain provides the communication protocol between actors. In addition, most of these actors are data polymorphic, meaning that they can operate on a broad range of data types. In general, writing data and domain polymorphic actors is considerably more difficult than writing more specialized actors. This chapter discusses some of the issues. 4.2 Actor Classes Figure 4.1 shows a UML static structure diagram for the key classes in the ptolemy.actor.lib package (see appendix A of chapter 1 for an introduction to UML). All the classes in figure 4.1 extend TypedAtomicActor, except TimedActor and SequenceActor, which are interfaces. TypedAtomicActor is in the ptolemy.actor package, and is described in more detail in volume 2, on software architecture. For our purposes here, it is sufficient to know that TypedAtomicActor provides a base class for actors with ports where the ports carry typed data (encapsulated in objects called tokens). None of the classes in figure 4.1 have any methods, except those inherited from the base classes (which are not shown). The classes in figure 4.1 do, however, have public members, most of which are instances of TypedIOPort or Parameter. By convention, actors in Ptolemy II expose their ports and parameters as public members, and much of the functionality of an actor is accessed through its ports and parameters. Many of the actors are transformers, which extend the Transformer base class. These actors read input data, modify it in some way, and produce output data. Some other actors that also have this character, such as AddSubtract, MultiplyDivide, and Expression, do not extend Transformer because they have somewhat unconventional port names. These actors are represented in figure 4.1 by the box labeled “... Other Actors ...”. The stacked boxes labeled “... Transformers ...” and “... Other Actors ...” in figure 4.1 are not standard UML. They are used here to refer to a set of actors that are listed below. There are too many actors to show them individually in the static structure diagram. The diagram would lose its utility because of the resulting clutter. Most of the library actors can be used in any domain. Some domains, however, can only execute a subset of the actors in this library. For example, the CT (continuous time) domain, which solves ordinary differential equations, may present data to actors that represent arbitrarily spaced samples of a continuous-time signal. For such signals, the data presented to an actor cannot be assumed by the actor to be a sequence, since the domain determines how closely spaced the samples are. For example, the SampleDelay actor would produce unpredictable results, since the spacing of samples is likely to be uneven over time. The TimedActor and SequenceActor interfaces are intended to declare assumptions that the actor makes about the inputs. They are empty interfaces (i.e., they contain no methods), and hence they are used only as markers. An actor that implements SequenceActor declares that it assumes its inputs are sequences of distinct data values, and that it will produce sequences of distinct data values as outputs. In particular, the input must not be a continuous-time waveform. Thus, any actor that will not work 128 Ptolemy II
Actor Libraries properly in the CT domain should declare that it implements this interface 1 . Most actors do not implement SequenceActor, because they do not care whether the input is a sequence. An actor that implements the TimedActor interface declares that the current time in a model execution affects its behavior. Currently, all domains can execute actors that implement TimedActor, because all directors provide a notion of current time. However, the results may not be what is expected. The SDF (synchronous dataflow) domain, for example, does not advance current time. Thus, Sink +input : TypedIOPort(multi) «Interface» TimedActor Source +output : TypedIOPort +trigger : TypedIOPort(Token,multi) ... RandomSources ... ... SequenceSources ... ... RandomSources ... ... SequenceSources ... ... Timed Sources ... ... RandomSources ... ... SequenceSources ... FIGURE 4.1. Key actor base classes and interfaces. TypedAtomicActor Transformer +input : TypedIOPort +output : TypedIOPort ... Sinks ... ... Sources ... ... Transformers ... ... Other Actors ... TimedSource +stopTime : Parameter(DoubleToken) RandomSource +seed : Parameter(LongToken) SequenceSource «Interface» SequenceActor +firingCountLimit : Parameter(IntToken) 1. Unfortunately, a scan of the current actor library (as of version 4.0) will reveal that we have not been very rigorous about this, and many actors that make a sequential assumption about the input fail to implement this interface. We are working on a more rigorous way of making this distinction, based on the concept of behavioral types. Heterogeneous Concurrent Modeling and Design 129
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PTOLEMY II HETEROGENEOUS CONCURRENT
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VOLUME 1 INTRODUCTION TO PTOLEMY II
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Volume 1 Contents Introduction to P
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2.10.3. Constructing Modal Models 8
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7. MoML 191 7.1. Introduction 191 7
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1 Introduction Author: Edward A. Le
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Introduction heterochronous dataflo
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Introduction A major emphasis in Pt
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Introduction determine when actors
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Introduction provides levels of vis
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Introduction is a guard, and the se
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Introduction well. All of these are
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Introduction clients to update thei
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Introduction will be supplied with
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Introduction 1.3.12 Synchronous Dat
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Introduction FIGURE 1.10. Refinemen
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Introduction occlusions due to terr
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Introduction tion. The overall arch
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Introduction kernel.attributes This
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Introduction 1.5.2 Overview of Key
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Introduction Actor interfaces are k
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Heterogeneous Concurrent Modeling a
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Introduction actor actor.gui data.e
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Introduction cient, scalable, and u
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Introduction 1.5.8 Future Capabilit
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Introduction Appendix A: UML — Un
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Introduction grams, the only constr
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2 Using Vergil Authors: Edward A. L
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Using Vergil 2.2.2 Executing a Pre-
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Using Vergil The Lorenz attractor m
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Using Vergil The Continuous-Time (C
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Using Vergil box in figure 2.11. En
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Using Vergil Don’t panic! Excepti
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Using Vergil tions are a normal par
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Using Vergil 2.4 Hierarchy Ptolemy
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Using Vergil Then using these ports
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Using Vergil the default 0.1 to 0.0
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Using Vergil pan window, it is easy
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Using Vergil FIGURE 2.33. The pan w
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Using Vergil we have modified the c
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Using Vergil model, simply copy (or
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Using Vergil A key issue is to deci
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Using Vergil instances. This proble
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Page 91 and 92: Using Vergil AddSubtract actor, and
Page 93 and 94: Using Vergil If you look inside the
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Page 97 and 98: Using Vergil transition (or right c
Page 99 and 100: Using Vergil Once you have created
Page 101 and 102: Using Vergil The grid is turned off
Page 103 and 104: Authors: Edward A. Lee Xiaojun Liu
Page 105 and 106: Expressions classes to create a gen
Page 107 and 108: Expressions The % operation is a mo
Page 109 and 110: Expressions attribute, which includ
Page 111 and 112: Expressions 3.3.5 State Machines Ex
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Page 115 and 116: Expressions from it. For instance,
Page 117 and 118: Expressions defined. For example, >
Page 119 and 120: Expressions length is given by the
Page 121 and 122: Expressions Thus, for example, you
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Page 125 and 126: Expressions value. For example, fix
Page 127 and 128: Expressions In the example in figur
Page 129 and 130: Expressions A.2 Basic Mathematical
Page 131 and 132: Expressions A.3 Matrix, Array, and
Page 133 and 134: Expressions A.5 Signal Processing F
Page 135 and 136: Expressions TABLE 8: Functions perf
Page 137: 4 Actor Libraries Authors: Elaine C
Page 141 and 142: Actor Libraries ing that multiple c
Page 143 and 144: Actor Libraries TypedAtomicActor «
Page 145 and 146: Actor Libraries SequenceScope (exte
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Page 149 and 150: Actor Libraries MobileFunction (ext
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Page 157 and 158: Actor Libraries Integrator: Integra
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Page 161 and 162: 5 Designing Actors Authors: Christo
Page 163 and 164: Designing Actors /** Javadoc commen
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Page 167 and 168: Designing Actors import ptolemy.act
Page 169 and 170: Designing Actors makes such actors
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Page 177 and 178: Designing Actors public class Seque
Page 179 and 180: Designing Actors be used in domains
Page 181 and 182: Designing Actors alComm actor. Beca
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Page 185 and 186: Designing Actors import ptolemy.act
Page 187 and 188: 6 Coding Style Authors: Christopher
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Coding Style /* One line descriptio
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Coding Style Copyright (c) 2004 The
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Coding Style @version $Id: NamedObj
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Coding Style } We use instead the i
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Coding Style * @exception MyExcepti
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Coding Style + "it does not impleme
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Authors: Edward A. Lee Steve Neuend
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MoML cutes it forever, until you hi
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MoML A second difference between ou
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MoML
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MoML 7.3.3 Names and Classes Most M
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MoML Here, the element named
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MoML implement. 7.3.7 Doc Element S
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MoML It is also sometimes necess
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MoML then there will be a link t
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MoML found. For example, if the cla
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MoML it cannot collide with the nam
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MoML The rendering of the icon is d
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MoML 7.4.5 Deleting Entities, Relat
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MoML This unlinks a port from the s
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MoML model. The EntityLibrary class
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MoML Suppose that using incremental
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MoML Generate a sine wave.
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MoML
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MoML Number of iterations in
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MoML -P- The f
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MoML -P- The phase,
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8 Custom Applets Authors: Edward A.
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Custom Applets html code, see the J
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Custom Applets public class Tutoria
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Custom Applets then the result of
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Custom Applets 8.3.5 Using Model Pa
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Custom Applets ptolemy/domains/doma
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References [1] G. Agha, Actors: A M
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[33] S. A. Edwards, “The Specific
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[67] E. Kohler, The Click Modular R
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[95] J. Liu, X. Liu, T. J. Koo, B.
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[132]W. R. Sutherland, "The on-Line
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Glossary abstract syntax ..........
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Ptolemy II ........................
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Index Symbols - in UML 41 # in UML
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coin flips 142 Color class 173 colo
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entity in XML 198 EntityLibrary cla
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Director class 159 inverse FFT 124
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CompositeEntity class 206 nextPower
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safety 34 SampleDelay actor 78, 138
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type constraint 155 type constraint
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