Human Rights at Home and Abroad: Past, Present, and Future

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personnel made it very difficult to effectively rule especially in the colonies. The form of government the Fourth Republic brought was incapable of making any decisions on how the war would be handled. 20 By 1956 the Assembly held a vote to grant special power that would allow the government to do whatever it felt necessary to win the war in Algeria and keep it as a part of France. When the action passed, France not only increased pressure on Algeria by using torture, but also increased repression inside France as well by restricting the press and increasing arrests of those disagreeing with the government actions. 21 Committees for peace and against torture were created as a direct result of actions being taken in the Algerian War and were supported by many parties including the French Communist Party. 22 The mass public distrust of the Fourth Republic is what caused the May 1958 Crisis that led to Charles de Gaulle taking power and creating the Fifth Republic. In the initial stages however de Gaulle‘s government was no better at handling the situation than the previous one. 23 The Algerian War brought about a change in government, and would have continuing impact along with the new government in shaping how both French and Arab immigrants from Algeria would be treated in the future. The end of the Algerian War came on March 18, 1962 when a cease-fire was signed between France and the FLN. The treaty process called the Évian Accords not only ended the war but allowed for cooperation between both countries. Before the war Algeria had been part of France and the population automatically had French citizenship. After the war Algerians were no longer citizens but they still had the option to freely travel into France for work although they would not have the same rights. In referendums France approved the Accords with 91% of the population while Algeria passed the Accords with 99.7% in favor. 24 20 Ibid., 28. 21 Danièle Joly, The French Communist Party and the Algerian War. (New York: St. Martin‘s Press, 1991), 110. 22 Ibid., 122-123. 23 Christopher Harrison, ―French Attitudes to Empire and the Algerian War,‖ African Affairs 82 no. 326 (January 1983): 77. 24 “Proclamation des Résultats du Référendum d’Autodétermination du 1er juillet 1962,” Journal Officiel de l’État Algérien (July 6, 1962). 177
One of the major problems after the war was the status of the Pieds-Noirs. They were of European origin but by 1962 the Pieds-Noirs had been removed by multiple generations from any relatives living in France. The Pieds-Noirs were now outcasts in their home country of Algeria which led an estimated 800,000 to 900,000 of the 1,000,000 Europeans to leave the country after the war and head to France. 25 Those that left made up the better part of Algeria‘s skilled work force and nearly all of those who owned or ran businesses. 26 The mass exodus of the Pieds-Noirs left a massive gap in Algeria‘s economy and in many of its major cities and towns. It was said that in some cities such as Oran, ―one [could] walk long distances past shuttered shops… [and] vacant property under the protection of the government.‖ 27 Because large parts of the cities were inhabited by the Pieds-Noirs the economic loss was substantial and France had to prop up Algeria‘s economy by giving it about $700,000 a day for the remainder of 1962 until Algeria‘s economy had recovered enough to sustain itself. 28 The Pieds-Noirs left because they no longer belonged in their own country with a population that now resented their presence. They also left because of violence against them such as the massacre in Oran where an estimated 3,000 Europeans were killed. Many of the Pieds-Noirs left everything they had and went to France because being unwanted in France was exponentially safer than being unwanted in Algeria. In addition to being outcasts in Algeria the 900,000 Pieds-Noirs who took the boats to France were disliked there as well. In the eyes of the French people they were unwanted immigrants who would take jobs and overcrowd the already full cities. This was true initially because for many weeks many of the arriving Pieds-Noirs slept in the streets of the cities or barns in small towns. 29 Most had no relatives living in France, had nowhere to go, and had no way of getting immediate work. Although there was some hostility initially to their ―return‖ to France they were eventually accepted back into society because 25 Neville Barbour, ―Algeria, the Taste of Independence,‖ The World Today 19 no. 5 (May 1963): 185. 26 Ibid. 27 Ibid. 28 Ibid., 186. 29 Ibid., 184. 178
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Proceedings of 11th Annual Frederic
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Introduction The 11 th Annual Frede
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Conference Presenters: Send a clean
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Friday, April 15 Session 6: 9:00-10
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dropped to 25% (50 Interesting Fact
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are not being received as a result
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system that would review all applic
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Conclusion Welfare programs are a w
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Pennsylvania Department of Public W
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going on in the south. An estimated
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wasn‘t nationally known, but it w
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and ―I Feel Like I‘m Fixin to D
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Works Cited "American Experience.Ey
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According to ―Child Labor in Indi
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called the Fair Labor Standards Act
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that the minor workers had lied abo
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It is said that a person‘s childh
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Works Cited ABC News. "The Blueberr
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"What Is Child Labor?" University o
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not to love? Family has become an o
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person is either a criminal being a
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immigrants have fled. With the cons
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Work Cited Our Dime, Dustin. "Anoth
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countries of Europe and is the desc
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then having to take a written test.
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America. It is committed to offerin
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collective work and responsibility,
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Morgann Goodling, Bloomsburg Univer
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estimated 14,100 foster children ar
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individual would be dismissed. It d
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denied and discriminated against. S
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have come into existence. The suppo
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the U.S. have become very controver
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Reference Page Badgett, L.M.V., & C
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dynamic that encouraged rapid and t
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y big businesses for allowing them
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―Duke University study published
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Works Cited ―BP Gears Up to Plug
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(702). The information provided to
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on the Human Terrain System states
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Works Cited "American Anthropologic
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toll that they can take depending o
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individual‘s identity, the indivi
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found various minority stress facto
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The concealable nature of sexual or
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Concealment of one‘s sexual ident
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18. How could the human race surviv
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Whitley, B, & Kite, M. (2010). Gend
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are in jail because they broke rule
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Prisoners refer to the new inmates
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guards view as consensual because t
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―emergency grievance criteria‖,
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Even though the exact extent of pri
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Danielle Miller, Bloomsburg Univers
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That was a real problem because as
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harmed someone was high and even th
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we should not just walk by and beli
Page 128 and 129: At the age of 15 Brenda (Bruce) was
Page 130 and 131: Taylor Roberts, Bloomsburg Universi
Page 132 and 133: Those individuals who do not enact
Page 134 and 135: goes without saying that collective
Page 136 and 137: members of the trans community can
Page 138 and 139: Her emotional reaction to sharing h
Page 140 and 141: In trans support groups it is not u
Page 142 and 143: According to this quote, trans acti
Page 144 and 145: Valentine, David. 2007. Imagining T
Page 146 and 147: In June, 2003, the U.S. military re
Page 148 and 149: The Nuremberg Code was created in W
Page 150 and 151: health. Scientists can also create
Page 152 and 153: similarly to the Hippocratic Oath t
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Page 156 and 157: available to protect people. This i
Page 158 and 159: Brandi Spencer- Phoenix, Bloomsburg
Page 160 and 161: Most six graders are between the ag
Page 162 and 163: White students, for instance, score
Page 164 and 165: Students should have more adequate
Page 166 and 167: References Abdul-Alim Jamaal, (2010
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Page 174 and 175: deep poverty. 2 Many historians agr
Page 176 and 177: As previously mentioned many Algeri
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Page 182: Bibliography ―Proclamation des R
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Human Rights at Home and Abroad: Past, Present, and Future

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