Human Rights at Home and Abroad: Past, Present, and Future

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toll that they can take depending on the coping strategies and support systems the person has in place. This paper focuses on heterosexism and the damaging effect it can have on the lesbian, gay and bisexual (LGB) population, specifically exploring its role in the formation of internalized homophobia and how this can lead to the development of mental health and relationship issues. Internalized homophobia is a phenomenon that developed due to the heterosexist society we live in. Heterosexism exists in two forms, there is the ideology that is embedded into institutional practices that works to the disadvantage of sexual minorities (Herek, Gillis & Cogan, 2009), then there is heterosexism that exists in individuals. Individual heterosexism takes the form of people discriminating against other individuals solely because they are a part of a sexual minority group. LGB individuals are faced with heterosexist discrimination on a daily basis from the time they are very young. When children are first socialized they usually absorb the concepts of sexual stigma to varying degrees, sexual stigma being a negative regard, inferior status and powerlessness the society places on anyone with nonheterosexual behaviors, identity, relationships or communities (Herek, Gillis & Cogan, 2009). In children this takes place when they learn to accept the expectation that they will grow up to be heterosexual. The assumption that children will grow up to be heterosexual is just one of the many assumptions that is made based off heterosexual privilege. Heterosexual privilege is an extension of Peggy McIntosh‘s White Privilege: Unpacking the Invisible Knapsack. It is made up of basic everyday things that heterosexuals take advantage of and don‘t even notice, being the majority sexual orientation, while non- heterosexuals are hyper aware of these things. Some of these things include displaying pictures of people they are dating in their offices of dorm rooms, talking about weekend plans with their spouse with co- workers, or greeting their partner with a kiss in a group of friends. Such privileges are not extended to gay, lesbian or bisexual individuals (Whitley & Kite, 2010), at least, not without a cost associated with it. To prove that this phenomenon exists, Martin Rochlin (1977) developed the Heterosexual Questionnaire (see appendix 1), that illustrated how simple questions that some heterosexuals make towards non- heterosexuals can be seen as offensive or completely bizarre when the tables are turned. Since these 95
questions are rarely if ever asked towards heterosexuals, it shows a form of heterosexual privilege. In this case it‘s referring to the privilege to talk about personal relationships openly without seeming to flaunt one‘s sexuality, knowing that one‘s sexuality will not be used to undermine achievement and the reassurance that one‘s hiring, promotion or firing are not related to one‘s sexual orientation (Johnson, 2006). For a non-heterosexual child, this first occurrence of being excluded by heterosexual privilege often occurs the time when they are first starting to explore their sexuality. This may be in the early stages of identity confusion, the first stage in the coming out process, this can be traumatizing. Coming-out is a process that is widely misunderstood among most heterosexuals. Most assume that it is the defining moment when a friend or relative announces that he or she is gay, lesbian or bisexual, but this is not the case. The coming-out process is not defined by a specific moment in time, but rather occurs over a period of years. Since the realization by psychologists that this is in fact a lengthy process, there have been many models developed surrounding sexual identity formation in gay, lesbian and bisexual individuals. Some researchers even go as far as to create separate models of development for gays and lesbians. Cass (1979) proposed six stages for sexual identity development in gay, lesbian and bisexual individuals that serves as a model for the coming-out process. Stage 1 is labeled as the confusion stage. In this stage the individual first notices same-sex attraction and begins questioning their own sexual identity. Stage 2 is labeled as identity comparison. In this stage the individual compares their own experiences to that of their peers, looking specifically at the sexual attractions their peers are expressing towards others and realizing that it is different from their own. Stage 3 is identity tolerance. This stage is defined by the individual assuming that their experience with same-sex attraction means that they are probably gay, lesbian or bisexual. In this stage they have not yet come to terms with this possible identity. Stage 4 is labeled as identity acceptance. In this stage the thinking that same-sex attraction means the individual is probably gay is confirmed. The individual comes to terms with this attraction being a part of their identity. Stage 5 is identity pride. After accepting that being gay, lesbian or bisexual is a part of the 96
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Proceedings of 11th Annual Frederic
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Introduction The 11 th Annual Frede
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Conference Presenters: Send a clean
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Friday, April 15 Session 6: 9:00-10
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dropped to 25% (50 Interesting Fact
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are not being received as a result
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system that would review all applic
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Conclusion Welfare programs are a w
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Pennsylvania Department of Public W
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going on in the south. An estimated
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wasn‘t nationally known, but it w
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and ―I Feel Like I‘m Fixin to D
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Works Cited "American Experience.Ey
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According to ―Child Labor in Indi
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called the Fair Labor Standards Act
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that the minor workers had lied abo
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It is said that a person‘s childh
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Works Cited ABC News. "The Blueberr
Page 46 and 47: "What Is Child Labor?" University o
Page 48 and 49: not to love? Family has become an o
Page 50 and 51: person is either a criminal being a
Page 52 and 53: immigrants have fled. With the cons
Page 54 and 55: Work Cited Our Dime, Dustin. "Anoth
Page 56 and 57: countries of Europe and is the desc
Page 58 and 59: then having to take a written test.
Page 60 and 61: America. It is committed to offerin
Page 62 and 63: collective work and responsibility,
Page 64 and 65: Morgann Goodling, Bloomsburg Univer
Page 66 and 67: estimated 14,100 foster children ar
Page 68 and 69: individual would be dismissed. It d
Page 70 and 71: denied and discriminated against. S
Page 72 and 73: have come into existence. The suppo
Page 74 and 75: the U.S. have become very controver
Page 76: Reference Page Badgett, L.M.V., & C
Page 82 and 83: dynamic that encouraged rapid and t
Page 84 and 85: y big businesses for allowing them
Page 86 and 87: ―Duke University study published
Page 88 and 89: Works Cited ―BP Gears Up to Plug
Page 90 and 91: (702). The information provided to
Page 92 and 93: on the Human Terrain System states
Page 94 and 95: Works Cited "American Anthropologic
Page 98 and 99: individual‘s identity, the indivi
Page 100 and 101: found various minority stress facto
Page 102 and 103: The concealable nature of sexual or
Page 104 and 105: Concealment of one‘s sexual ident
Page 106 and 107: 18. How could the human race surviv
Page 108 and 109: Whitley, B, & Kite, M. (2010). Gend
Page 110 and 111: are in jail because they broke rule
Page 112 and 113: Prisoners refer to the new inmates
Page 114 and 115: guards view as consensual because t
Page 116 and 117: ―emergency grievance criteria‖,
Page 118 and 119: Even though the exact extent of pri
Page 120 and 121: Danielle Miller, Bloomsburg Univers
Page 122 and 123: That was a real problem because as
Page 124 and 125: harmed someone was high and even th
Page 126 and 127: we should not just walk by and beli
Page 128 and 129: At the age of 15 Brenda (Bruce) was
Page 130 and 131: Taylor Roberts, Bloomsburg Universi
Page 132 and 133: Those individuals who do not enact
Page 134 and 135: goes without saying that collective
Page 136 and 137: members of the trans community can
Page 138 and 139: Her emotional reaction to sharing h
Page 140 and 141: In trans support groups it is not u
Page 142 and 143: According to this quote, trans acti
Page 144 and 145: Valentine, David. 2007. Imagining T
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In June, 2003, the U.S. military re
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The Nuremberg Code was created in W
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health. Scientists can also create
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similarly to the Hippocratic Oath t
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working in the world now than ever
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available to protect people. This i
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Brandi Spencer- Phoenix, Bloomsburg
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Most six graders are between the ag
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White students, for instance, score
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Students should have more adequate
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References Abdul-Alim Jamaal, (2010
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deep poverty. 2 Many historians agr
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As previously mentioned many Algeri
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personnel made it very difficult to
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of their European background. 30 At
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Bibliography ―Proclamation des R
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Human Rights at Home and Abroad: Past, Present, and Future

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