The Economic Value of Water and Ecosystem Preservation

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Figure 5-6. Employment Sectors Pie Chart, Aransas, 2005 Arts, Entertainment, Recreation, Education 3% Mining (oil and gas) 3% Finance and Insurance 3% Admnistrative and w aste services 4% Health care and social assistance 5% Transportation and w arehousing 2% Professional and technical services 5% Other services, except public admnistration 9% Manufacturing 1% Real estate 7% Source: U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of Economic Analysis, 2007 50 Trade 16% Construction 9% Accomodation, Food services 13% Fishing 10% Governm ent 10% Calhoun Calhoun County is northeast of Aransas County, and borders San Antonio Bay on its eastern edge. The county seat is Port Lavaca. Once the most populated County surrounding the San Antonio Bay area, Calhoun has experienced relatively slow population growth. From 1980 to 1990, the County experienced a negative growth rate of -2.37 percent. In the 1990s, the County grew at a positive rate of 8.37 percent; however, the County has had almost zero growth since 2000. From 2000 to 2006, the County’s estimated number of inhabitants increased from 20,647 to 20,705 (Table 5-1). The age distribution indicates that the County’s population is relatively older than the State average and younger than Aransas and Refugio. In 2005, 35 percent of the population was 18 and under, 50 percent was in between the ages of 19 and 65 and 15 percent of the population was 65 and older (Table 5-2). The ethnicity distribution indicates a similarity with Texas and Refugio, which are more heterogeneous than Aransas. In 2005, Caucasians’ (not Hispanic) accounted for 49.40 percent of the population, 44 percent of people were of Hispanic or Latino origin, 2.6 percent were Black (not – Hispanic) and other races accounted for 4 percent of the population (Table 5-3).
The County also shows a lower educational attainment compared to Texas and the nation. In 2000, 69 percent of persons aged 25 and older completed High School and only 12 percent of this group had a Bachelor’s degree (Table 5- 4). Calhoun is the only county analyzed that shows an increase in the level of poverty from 2001 to 2004. In 2001, there were 16.3 percent of people of all ages living in poverty and in 2004 this percentage increased to 16.6. This translates to an increase from 3,349 to 3,409 persons living under such conditions (Figure 5-2). Real per capita personal income is the lowest of the three Counties analyzed (Figure 3). It increased from $20,881 ($21,475) in 2001 to $23,756 ($24,561) in 2005. In 2005, the County was ranked 154 th of the 254 counties in Texas. On the other hand, Calhoun’s real average wage per job is significantly greater than Aransas’ and Refugio’s and also greater than Texas’. It increased from $38,386 ($39,479) to $42,705 ($44,152) during the same period of time (Figure 5-4). The number of full-time and part-time jobs decreased from 13,459 in 2001 to 12,787 in 2005, a decrease of 4.9 percent (Bureau of Economic Analysis, 2007). Similarly, the unemployment rate increased from 4.7% in 2000 to 6% in 2005; however, it had decreased again in 2006 to 4.9 percent (Figure 5-5). From January 2007 to June 2007, the average unemployment rate was 4.4 percent. Calhoun’s major employers are Alcoa, INEOS Nitriles (formerly BP), Calhoun County Independent School District, Calhoun County, Formosa Plastics, Harmony Industrial, H.E.B., International Bank of Commerce, King Fisher Marine service, SSI Management Group, Dow Chemical, Seadrift Coke LP, and Inteplast Group (Economic Development Corporation, 2007). Figure 5-7 shows the percentage of employment by sector in 2005, which indicates that the major industry employers are Manufacturing (26%), Construction (15%), Government (12%) and Trade (10%). Fishing accounts for only 3% of the total employment. 51
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Final Report to the Texas Coastal M
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5.2.2. Sources / Data .............
Page 5 and 6:
Executive Summary The San Antonio B
Page 7 and 8: ecotourism included in the model. T
Page 9 and 10: 1. Overview of San Antonio Bay Regi
Page 11 and 12: and shellfish species and estuarine
Page 13 and 14: According to the Rockport-Fulton Ch
Page 15 and 16: effect is limited by assimilative c
Page 17 and 18: freshwater inflow acts as a mechani
Page 19 and 20: sulfide. Heavy metals bounds to sed
Page 21 and 22: inflow levels and populations of se
Page 23 and 24: and could potentially make the cran
Page 25 and 26: 3. Characterization of Ecotourism i
Page 27 and 28: Contributes actively to the conserv
Page 29 and 30: Figure 3-1. Public Protected Areas
Page 31 and 32: 1987 and then purchased in 1991. Pr
Page 33 and 34: 3.3.2. The Economics of Multiple Na
Page 35 and 36: Table 3-2. Average Willingness to P
Page 37 and 38: Table 3-3. Personal Income and Prod
Page 39 and 40: impact. It is necessary to conduct
Page 41 and 42: 4.2. Key Site Details for the Analy
Page 43 and 44: approach allows examination of ques
Page 45 and 46: This average number of trips from t
Page 47 and 48: occasional flood and drought events
Page 49 and 50: The results of the regression yield
Page 51 and 52: gallons, which results in a value o
Page 53 and 54: Aransas distinguishes itself from C
Page 55 and 56: thresholds vary according the size
Page 57: The total number of full-time and p
Page 61 and 62: Refugio shows a rapid decrease in t
Page 63 and 64: IM t+ n ic = E t ic ⎡⎛ E × ⎢
Page 65 and 66: included an economic analysis of th
Page 67 and 68: Table 5-5. Employment Shift-Share A
Page 69 and 70: Fishing and related activities. The
Page 71 and 72: Figure 5-15. Employment change by s
Page 73 and 74: 5.3.2. Input-Output Analysis The in
Page 75 and 76: Calhoun Calhoun County’s experien
Page 77 and 78: an advantage, particularly in oyste
Page 79 and 80: Impacts on the Freshwater Inflows t
Page 81 and 82: However, due to the lack of consist
Page 83 and 84: This implicitly assumes that flows
Page 85 and 86: for fresh product. This fishery wil
Page 87 and 88: Elliot, D. (2007). Competitive Adva
Page 89 and 90: Pearce, D. W. (1994). The MIT Dicti
Page 91 and 92: The Nature Conservancy. (2002). "Na
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