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The findings also indicated that teaching photosynthesis should be integrated with the nature of science. Understanding the nature of science appears to give the students an incentive to study biology in the classroom. 3. Teaching the Nature of Science The intervention has contributed to enhance students’ understanding of the nature of science regarding specific ideas. Three aspects of science were considered: scientific ideas are subjected to change, science demands evidence and science is a complex social activity. The findings from the three case studies indicated that historical narratives with discussion illuminate the students’ understanding. In the case study conducted in the Border School, role play and discussion were used to illuminate the understanding of science is a complex social activity, in particular. After participating in the role play, students appeared to understand that scientists could not individually work and scientists used the experimentation to evident the knowledge. S02 noted that “…the scientist would publish the discovery to advance the knowledge.” S04 noted that “…the scientists continued the previous study and then found new substance involved photosynthesis…” (Table 5.5). Abd-El-Khalick and Lederman (2000) supported that explicitly addressing the specific ideas about science might powerfully enhance the understanding of the nature of science. The findings of this research also revealed that the students had a better understanding of science as a complex social activity than understanding that science demands evidence and that scientific ideas are subjected to change. The better understanding appears to depend on learning activities teachers provided in classrooms. Surveys and observations indicated that participating in classroom discussion and experimentation was useful to understand that nature of science. On the other hand, when there were fewer chances of discussion, misconceptions related to scientific ideas subject to chance were retained (see case studies of the Market School and the Babysat School). Skipping all experimentation activities in the Babysat School possibly caused their students to be unaware that science demands evidence. For example, S10 perceived that scientific knowledge could be changed 226
ecause old knowledge was reinterpreted by using different method and new techniques. However, he did not appear to focus on using scientific method to find out an evidence of new knowledge. Moss, Abrams and Robb (2001); Bell et al. (2003) supported that a lack of scientific experiments might lead the students to neglect the fact that science demands evidence. After elaborating on these several aspects of teaching photosynthesis, this research attempts to show the importance of regarding the specific Thai context. 4. Teaching in the Thai Contexts In Thailand, as a result of the local socio-cultural context, there are a large number of students in the classroom. Some students show respect to teachers and value science as they need it for taking the Entrance Examination (Buranakarn, 2003; Srivichit, 2004). The research findings indicated that Thai society and culture influence learning in the classroom. The students are not familiar with participating actively to the learning activities e.g. discussion. So, discussion in a Thai classroom 227 should begin with small group discussions such as think pair share. Also, the teaching process should develop friendly interactions between the teacher and the students, and should promote formative assessment. In the case of the Border School, the students appeared to be familiar with this and have a more positive attitude towards participating in learning activities. The case study conducted at the Border School additionally suggests that teachers should conduct friendly conversations with the students both within and outside teaching periods. The students should be free to form their own groups, be a bit of noisy during group discussion and be able to walk from one group to another. Launching a discussion should begin with think pair share before moving on to group discussion and class discussion. This strategy appears to encourage the students to have discussion with the teacher as well.
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THESIS CASE STUDIES OF TEACHING AND
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TABLE OF CONTENTS Page LIST OF TABL
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TABLE OF CONTENTS (CONTINUED) iii P
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TABLE OF CONTENTS (CONTINUED) v Pag
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LIST OF TABLES Table Page 2.1 Struc
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LIST OF TABLES (CONTINUED) Table Pa
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CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION This chapter
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led to improvement in the promotion
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water worked as food transported wi
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suggested peer collaboration for hi
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chloroplasts and pigments, the ligh
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would like to develop a new teachin
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concepts, such as absorption of lig
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conceptions, the scope of biology e
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3, and 8. In Grades 11-12, the scie
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Table 2.3 Basic Science Content Sta
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Table 2.3 (Cont’d) Contents Conte
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light energy and chlorophyll 2 H O
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2. Photosynthesis Itself Plants, al
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of chlorophyll. The students believ
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Up to this point, those previous st
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partly because of the biology educa
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(Matthews, 1997: 6). Philosophicall
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understanding capability of environ
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4. Social Constructivism The Russia
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5. Constructivist-Based Teaching ab
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peers, while the control group work
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generation to the next” (Cobb and
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2.1) Thai Living Styles Thailand is
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focuses prepare them to take the Na
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culture. First, Thai existing views
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Third, the nature of science is the
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democratic view, that the understan
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4. Summary: Integrating the Nature
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elationship between one concept and
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Brown (2003) used a combination of
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Focusing on thinking and encouragin
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Which aspect of the nature of scien
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teaching photosynthesis needs impro
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− encouraging students to partici
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The attempt to understand and inter
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Figure 3.1 Research Design of the T
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was considered to differentiate the
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2.1) Teacher Preparation for Implem
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3. Evaluating Impacts of Photosynth
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Figure 3.2 Survey Developmental Pro
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1.2) Advanced Photosynthesis Survey
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1. accessibility - is enabling the
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implementation of the teaching inte
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Table 3.4 Data Collection Program S
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students. The learning culture in t
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1. Surveys: Content Analysis Conten
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They were confirmed by the teachers
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CHAPTER IV THE PHOTOSYNTHESIS TEACH
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structures and functions of chlorop
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Therefore, this study focused on us
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from constructivism to socio0cultur
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Sub-stand 1: Living Things and Livi
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stroma. 5.3) Lists of Concept Propo
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c) Light independent (dark) phase
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Figure 4.1 Photosynthesis Concept M
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Lesson 1 ‘Plant food’, aimed to
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Lesson 5 ‘Light independent (dark
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Table 4.1 Photosynthesis Lesson Pla
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Table 4.1 Cont’d Lesson 3. Struct
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Table 4.1 Cont’d Lesson 5. Light
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Table 4.1 Cont’d Lesson 6. Studen
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After the researcher finished devel
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per a week, namely two 60-min perio
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always asked what she really did no
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schooling studying, she studied Phy
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B = blackboard C = instrument cupbo
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Forty nine percentages had partial
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for photosynthesis. Only seven perc
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Table 5.3 Correcting the Introducto
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Mrs. Engka: Right (confirmed). You
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structures might be a metaphor of u
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Table 5.4 Advanced Photosynthesis C
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In her planning for the nature of s
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participating in role play discussi
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5.4) Principle IV: Enabling Student
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inside and outside teaching period.
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Activities 5.6) Principle VI: Encou
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6. Summary of the Border School In
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2. Background Information about Mr.
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Table 5.7 Mr. Vyn’s Students Sele
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Mr. Vyn had his own style of teachi
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5. Mr. Vyn’s Implementation of th
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Mr. Vyn: …No. 4…mineral is plan
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The misconception that CO2, mineral
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Although the students incompletely
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model of chloroplast structure base
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undle-sheath cells. Both cells cont
Page 189 and 190: Table 5.9 Advanced Photosynthesis C
Page 191 and 192: However, there was no discussion ab
Page 193 and 194: change in term of application of ol
Page 195 and 196: 5.4) Principle IV: Enabling Student
Page 197 and 198: discussion. “The teacher always d
Page 199 and 200: photosynthesis e.g. dark phase. Als
Page 201 and 202: 2. Background Information about Mrs
Page 203 and 204: Table 5.12 Mrs. Amp’s Students Se
Page 205 and 206: laboratory activities and concept m
Page 207 and 208: misconceptions about plant food, pa
Page 209 and 210: The misconceptions about plant and
Page 211 and 212: Table 5.13 Correcting the Introduct
Page 213 and 214: percentages misunderstood that the
Page 215 and 216: Table 5.14 Advanced Photosynthesis
Page 217 and 218: One conception about science demand
Page 219 and 220: Table 5.15 The Nature of Science of
Page 221 and 222: Not only relating photosynthesis kn
Page 223 and 224: the book and summarized the concept
Page 225 and 226: Cross Case Studies: Implementation
Page 227 and 228: In case of the teachers e.g. Mrs. A
Page 229 and 230: students’ own views about plants
Page 231 and 232: CHAPTER VI SUMMARY, DISCUSSION AND
Page 233 and 234: 5. The students’ understanding of
Page 235 and 236: learning participation rarely appea
Page 237 and 238: the students to understand the rela
Page 239: the science project for environment
Page 243 and 244: Table 6.2 Learning Activities Sugge
Page 245 and 246: understandings about the light inde
Page 247 and 248: Therefore, this research suggested
Page 249 and 250: Amir, R. and P. Tamir. 1995. Propos
Page 251 and 252: Bell, B. 1998. Teacher development
Page 253 and 254: Campbell, N. and J. Reece. 2002. Bi
Page 255 and 256: Duit, R. and D. Treagust. 2003. Lea
Page 257 and 258: Govindjee, J., T. Beatty, and H. Ge
Page 259 and 260: Institute for the Promotion of Teac
Page 261 and 262: Lin, H. and C. Chen. 2002. Promotin
Page 263 and 264: Merriam, S. 1988. Case Study Resear
Page 265 and 266: Patton, M. 1990. Qualitative Evalua
Page 267 and 268: Smith, M. and L. Scharmann. 1999. D
Page 269 and 270: Von Glasersfeld, E. 1995. Radical C
Page 271 and 272: APPENDIX A: INTRODUCTORY PHOTOSYNTH
Page 273 and 274: 1. Tick any of these items which ca
Page 275 and 276: 6.5) Plants need carbohydrate for t
Page 277 and 278: APPENDIX B: ADVANCED PHOTOSYNTHESIS
Page 279 and 280: 5. Tick any item (s) which you thin
Page 281 and 282: 12. Here is a statement about plant
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