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Jary,J.and Jary,J. (1999), Dictionary of Sociology, 2 nd Edition, HarperCollins Publishers, Glasgow. Tikkanen, H.(1997), A Network Approach to Industrial Business Processes - a Theoretical and Empirical Analysis, Doctoral Dissertation, Publications of the Turku School of Economics and Business Administration, Series A-7. 157
Essay 8 Spatial Concerns in Logistical Networks with Special Reference to Proximity Abstract In this mainly conceptual study, some aspects of space in logistical networks are discussed; especially distance as a reflection of spatiality is scrutinised. The theoretical contemplation is complemented with preliminary empirical analysis in transportation industry and networks. Because networks as metaphorical conceptualisations have very strong geographical aspects, it is necessary to link the question of spatiality - e.g. interorganisational proximity - to network analysis. Spatio-temporal aspects constitute even some ontological features in network analysis as they give valuable conceptualised tools for comprehending the diversity and complexity of networks. The significance of embeddedness in network studies means also that the spatiality should be deliberated, as embeddedness can also be interpreted as involvement in local or close dyadic and network relationships. Distance equals to interorganisational friction as presumed in literature, though often implicitly expressed (e.g. impedance, inconvience) and it can be an expression for studying the proximity between the actors. Conventionally, the Newtonian-based interpretation of interaction has dominated the logistical analysis with strong focus on gravitation, aggregate type of modelling and analysis of adequate distance measures (time and cost distance). With the help of extensions for assessing and measuring interorganisational interaction and its frequency, new types of correlations and interpretations can be formulated to describe the proximity and closeness-remoteness- axis between the participants of logistical networks. 158
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LAUREA PUBLICATIONS A•57 Markku N
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Copyright © author and Laurea Univ
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Foreword This publication is a comp
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The roots of network analysis can b
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Figure 1. Analytical Orientations i
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settings. Often the major objective
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Generally speaking, a grounded theo
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Evaluating the Limitations There ar
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general, the atmosphere should be e
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Annual NOFOMA 2005 Congress, Copenh
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ers. A triad is the smallest net th
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works. The term common carrier has,
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Coupling the infrastructural analys
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markets and hierarchies linked to g
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Concluding Discussion Modern logist
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Capineri, C.-Kamann, D -J.(1998) Sy
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Nikkanen, M.(2000) Comparing Networ
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Essay 1 Creation of Networks throug
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When interacting, the parties have
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other party are required (for more
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thiness gradually, first by awarene
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Figure 1. The Interactive Processes
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Furthermore, Holmlund (1996) has ca
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as most of the members of the netwo
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Conclusions One of the most importa
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Ford, D.- Håkanson, H.-Johanson, J
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Salmi, A. (1995) Institutionally Ch
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terfirm cohesion is under scrutiny,
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paradigm the examination relies mor
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With respect to scientific analysis
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smaller units of the entire supply
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Researchers Role Interpretative, an
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ing illustration depicts graphicall
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analytical implications derived fro
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Nikkanen, M.,2003a, The Role of the
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transportation has been conventiona
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Among scientists in logistics there
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1998). This is due to the fact that
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(exchange) relationship and how muc
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changing in time, which refers to e
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What comes to roles in particular,
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Integrator Particularly, the role o
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flection of the network identity. D
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Dissertation, University of Oulu, A
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---- (1996b) The Network Approach i
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Introduction Intermodalism (IM) or
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Approaching Intermodal Freight Tran
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poral aspect of the concept, and em
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it rejects partly the question of e
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Empirical Evidence: Case VR Cargo R
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Identification of Roles In order to
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The role of the common carrier is a
Page 105 and 106: also trail runs for a new wagon typ
Page 107 and 108: tia influence the strategic decisio
Page 109 and 110: Nohria,N. (1992) Is a network persp
Page 111 and 112: trary’; there is no single object
Page 113 and 114: Figure 1: Network Structures Networ
Page 115 and 116: and psychological proximity; close
Page 117 and 118: sources and resource dependencies a
Page 119 and 120: creating collective identity (cogni
Page 121 and 122: nets as well. In the focal nets cre
Page 123 and 124: volvement of an integrator is incre
Page 125 and 126: Havila, V.,1996. International Busi
Page 127 and 128: Essay 6 Dealing with the Negative E
Page 129 and 130: obliged to work in a closer manner.
Page 131 and 132: Conflicts and power Many of the und
Page 133 and 134: fore the network reactions (transmi
Page 135 and 136: Conflict resolution in IFT Because
Page 137 and 138: Scope of behavioural responses In I
Page 139 and 140: Extending the explanation with co-c
Page 141 and 142: Conclusions In tightly bonded netwo
Page 143 and 144: Jary,J.and Jary,J. (1999) Dictionar
Page 145 and 146: (e.g. destruction and annihilation,
Page 147 and 148: Everything undergoes development an
Page 149 and 150: However, the theory is based on the
Page 151 and 152: The depth of the relationship and i
Page 153 and 154: eral success, some other actors per
Page 155: References Andersson, J.,Håkanson,
Page 159 and 160: time space logistics theory social
Page 161 and 162: tool for studying the proximity bet
Page 163 and 164: sic elements of Piaget’s theory).
Page 165 and 166: In general, the adoption of new beh
Page 167 and 168: are often reinforced by closeness,
Page 169 and 170: APPENDIX 1 Newtonian-based Interpre
Page 171 and 172: Introduction The term common carrie
Page 173 and 174: predictable organisational behaviou
Page 175 and 176: Figure 3.1 Different approaches for
Page 177 and 178: lated that both the stability and d
Page 179 and 180: (because often imbalance in contain
Page 181 and 182: others. This means that all activit
Page 183 and 184: Normative Approach and Interpretati
Page 185 and 186: tions are primarily in focus (compa
Page 187 and 188: Repositioning The discussion indica
Page 189 and 190: ole of the common carrier. In liner
Page 191 and 192: Ford, D.,Gadde, L-E.,Håkanson,H.,L
Page 193: There has been growing interest rec
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