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Frybourg, M. and Nijkamp. P. (1998) Assessing Changes in Integrated European Transport Network in Button, K.,Nijkamp, P.and Priemus, H.(eds) Transport Networks in Europe, Edward Elgar, Cheltenham, UK, 15-34. Halinen,A. and Törnroos, J-Å. (1998) The Role on Embeddedness in the Evolution of Business Networks, Scandinavian Journal of Management 14, 3, 187- 205. Marjanen, H.(1997) Distance and Store Choice with Special Reference to Outof-Town Shopping, Doctoral Dissertation, Publications of the Turku School of Economics and Business Administration Series A-4. Martellato, D.,Nijkamp,P.and Reggiani, A. (1998 Measurement and Measures on Network Accessibility in Button, K ., Nijkamp, P.and Priemus, H.( eds) Transport Networks in Europe, Edward Elgar, Cheltenham, UK, 161-180. Nikkanen,M. (2003) Railcarrier in Intermodal Freight Transportation Network, Acta Universitatis Lappeenrantaensis 175. Novak, J. (2002) Tiedon oppiminen, luominen ja käyttö (Learning, creating and using knowledge), PS Kustannus, Keuruu. Oinas, P. (1998) The Embedded Firm? Prelude for a Revived Geography of Enterprise, Doctoral Dissertation, Publications of the Helsinki School of Economics and Business Administration: A:143. Sen, A.-Smith, T. (1995) Gravity Models of Spatial Interaction Behaviour, Springer Verlag, Heidelberg Turnbull, P.and Topcu, S.(1994) Customer Profitability in Relationship Life Cycles in Biemans, W. and Ghauri ,P. (eds), Proceedings from the 10th Annual IMP Conference, Groningen, The Netherlands, September 29-October 1, 612- 656. Törnroos, J-Å.,Haime, K. and Ekholm,V. (1995) Geography and Logistics - The Missing Link, Working Paper No 301, Swedish School of Economics and Business Administration. Williamson, O. (1986) Economic Organisation: Firms, markets and policy control, Brighton Wheatsteaf Book. 169
APPENDIX 1 Newtonian-based Interpretation of Distance and Interaction A general correlation for spatial interaction is (Sen and Smith 1995; Fotheringham and O’Kelly 1989): Tij = G (wi Pi) (wj Pj ) /dij, where (1.1.) Ti j= total spatial interaction between points i and j measured by means of flow from point i to j, Pi = size (the population /the mass variable/the attractiveness /the attraction) of point i, Pj = size of point j, wi, wj = parameters reflecting the heterogeneity of masses (e.g. the population); similar to classical Newtonian hypothesis, dij = distance between points i and j indicating spatial segregation G = gravity coefficient (the gravitational constant – often e.g. demographic constant), and , and are parameters - statistically estimated - for which , , and > 0. In the classical Newtonian model for = 2. In a more reductionist view, it can be supposed that the distance decay function per se summarises all the effects of spatial interaction. The following correlation highlights the power deterrence function (Sen and Smith 1995, p. 4; also Martellato et al. 1998). The decay function can be expressed as follows: - F (dij) = (dij) , in which (1.2.) Fij = is the intensity of attraction and dij = distance measure (e.g. time/cost) The basic model can be modified with the following determinants: the size factor, typically measured in terms of mass in the gravity models is replaced with the attraction of a particular point defined in terms of personal beliefs, values, preferences, and other adequate determinants of behaviour; these variables are context-specified and elaborate the situational features at one temporal point, and the distance is defined with some appropriate distance measure. When configuring the basic model, the following hypothetical relation can be written: n Tij = (wiCij)/dij , where (1.3.) i = 1 Tij = spatial interaction between points i and j, wi = the proportional importance of factor in decision makers preferences at the point i, Cij = the preference/ importance of factor i in point j, and dij = distance between points i and j. In short, the amount of interaction is directly proportional to the attraction of a certain point measured e.g. in terms of the decision maker’s perception of that point and inversely proportional to the distance measure. The proposed correlation is consistent with the general model expressed by Sen and Smith (1995) as a compilation of many researchers’ work; they claim that an extended, general class gravity model is Tij = A (i) B (j) F (dij), where A (i) and B(j) are unspecified origin weight functions and F(dij) is an unspecified deterrence function. 170
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LAUREA PUBLICATIONS A•57 Markku N
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Copyright © author and Laurea Univ
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Foreword This publication is a comp
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The roots of network analysis can b
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Figure 1. Analytical Orientations i
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settings. Often the major objective
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Generally speaking, a grounded theo
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Evaluating the Limitations There ar
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general, the atmosphere should be e
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Annual NOFOMA 2005 Congress, Copenh
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ers. A triad is the smallest net th
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works. The term common carrier has,
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Coupling the infrastructural analys
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markets and hierarchies linked to g
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Concluding Discussion Modern logist
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Capineri, C.-Kamann, D -J.(1998) Sy
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Nikkanen, M.(2000) Comparing Networ
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Essay 1 Creation of Networks throug
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When interacting, the parties have
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other party are required (for more
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thiness gradually, first by awarene
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Figure 1. The Interactive Processes
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Furthermore, Holmlund (1996) has ca
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as most of the members of the netwo
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Conclusions One of the most importa
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Ford, D.- Håkanson, H.-Johanson, J
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Salmi, A. (1995) Institutionally Ch
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terfirm cohesion is under scrutiny,
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paradigm the examination relies mor
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With respect to scientific analysis
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smaller units of the entire supply
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Researchers Role Interpretative, an
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ing illustration depicts graphicall
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analytical implications derived fro
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Nikkanen, M.,2003a, The Role of the
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transportation has been conventiona
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Among scientists in logistics there
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1998). This is due to the fact that
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(exchange) relationship and how muc
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changing in time, which refers to e
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What comes to roles in particular,
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Integrator Particularly, the role o
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flection of the network identity. D
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Dissertation, University of Oulu, A
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---- (1996b) The Network Approach i
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Introduction Intermodalism (IM) or
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Approaching Intermodal Freight Tran
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poral aspect of the concept, and em
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it rejects partly the question of e
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Empirical Evidence: Case VR Cargo R
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Identification of Roles In order to
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The role of the common carrier is a
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also trail runs for a new wagon typ
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tia influence the strategic decisio
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Nohria,N. (1992) Is a network persp
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trary’; there is no single object
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Figure 1: Network Structures Networ
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and psychological proximity; close
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Page 121 and 122: nets as well. In the focal nets cre
Page 123 and 124: volvement of an integrator is incre
Page 125 and 126: Havila, V.,1996. International Busi
Page 127 and 128: Essay 6 Dealing with the Negative E
Page 129 and 130: obliged to work in a closer manner.
Page 131 and 132: Conflicts and power Many of the und
Page 133 and 134: fore the network reactions (transmi
Page 135 and 136: Conflict resolution in IFT Because
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Page 139 and 140: Extending the explanation with co-c
Page 141 and 142: Conclusions In tightly bonded netwo
Page 143 and 144: Jary,J.and Jary,J. (1999) Dictionar
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Page 147 and 148: Everything undergoes development an
Page 149 and 150: However, the theory is based on the
Page 151 and 152: The depth of the relationship and i
Page 153 and 154: eral success, some other actors per
Page 155 and 156: References Andersson, J.,Håkanson,
Page 157 and 158: Essay 8 Spatial Concerns in Logisti
Page 159 and 160: time space logistics theory social
Page 161 and 162: tool for studying the proximity bet
Page 163 and 164: sic elements of Piaget’s theory).
Page 165 and 166: In general, the adoption of new beh
Page 167: are often reinforced by closeness,
Page 171 and 172: Introduction The term common carrie
Page 173 and 174: predictable organisational behaviou
Page 175 and 176: Figure 3.1 Different approaches for
Page 177 and 178: lated that both the stability and d
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Page 181 and 182: others. This means that all activit
Page 183 and 184: Normative Approach and Interpretati
Page 185 and 186: tions are primarily in focus (compa
Page 187 and 188: Repositioning The discussion indica
Page 189 and 190: ole of the common carrier. In liner
Page 191 and 192: Ford, D.,Gadde, L-E.,Håkanson,H.,L
Page 193: There has been growing interest rec
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