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marketing, interaction, relationships and nets have not raised remarkable interest in logistical analysis. Interaction Causing Relationships Basically, the analysis of the content of interaction is faced by a multitude of dimensions. 1 Besides relationships, also episodes can be identified. Episodes are mainly transactions in a short term, whereas a relationship denotes more longlasting collaboration between partners. An episode is a short term sequence of acts. Episodes are interconnected but identifiable actions, whereas interrelated episodes are sequences. The episodes are later gathered to relationships between the partners. Regarding services, the entire interaction process can be divided into three components, acts, episodes, and relationship (Grönroos 1997, 9). The act is the smallest unit for analysis; acts are related to interaction elements (in practice e.g. information or physical goods). Holmlund (1997, 96, 97) has enhanced the dichotomous IMP classification (episodes-process) by proposing that the most detailed type of interaction is actually action, not act. According to Håkanson and Snehota (1997, 45), a relationship is a ‘mutually oriented interaction between two reciprocally committed parties’. This means quite a dynamic view of a relationship. Thus, a relationship is developed over time, having past, present, and future dimensions. In addition, relationships are rather consequences or outcomes, because of the common history. In the network view, which explains the relationships in an organic way (as according to the IMP Group), it is possible that they often just happen. In logistics the use of Supply Chain Management (SCM)- based analysis leads often to the assumption that relationships are intentionally created because of strategic decisions. Thus, planning the nature and pattern of relationships in advance is inadequate, or as Holmlund (1997, 6) postulates ‘relationships are not determined a priori‘. 1 When evaluating the complexity of interactions, Ford et al. (1998) discuss several aspects of interactions with four key concepts: capability, mutuality, particularity and inconsistency 37
When interacting, the parties have intentions and they make interpretations of the interaction (Ford et al. 1997, 57), which means that they give meaning for the details while interacting. 2 As noted above, a relationship refers to quite a long-term commitment, whereas interactions represent the dynamic aspects of relationships. Hence, interaction as a term ‘comprises the exchange processes and adaptation processes‘ (Easton 1992, 8). These two major interorganisational processes are often added by some others like institutionalisation (Håkanson and Snehota 1997; in their wording, however, institutionalisation is very closely matched with bonding) or co-ordination (Möller and Wilson 1995). Occasionally, adaptation refers actually to adjustments, which are more short-term notions (Holmlund 1997, 1998). A firm has a portfolio of relationships which it can actively develop. The relationships between actors can be direct or indirect; these two dimensions are essential to understand the variety of relationships between firms and the creation of networks, as well. Also the quality aspect can be added to these two dimensions: the relative importance of direct relationships can be greater than that of others. Primary Interorganisational Processes Exchange As indicated in the previous chapter, interaction includes two major processes – exchange and adaptation. In this chapter the contents of these two attributes are discussed briefly. The word exchange is associated with interaction in general business rhetoric. The interaction in relationships ‘comprises processes of exchange including business, information, and social exchange‘ (Salmi 1995,27). In this sense information is more impersonal, official, and even normative by nature. Information 2 Holmlund (1997) has constructed a model for analysing the perceived relationship quality (PRQ) between network partners. When the actors are assessing the perception, a certain amount of outcomes is needed in order to make an analysis. The analysis explained by Holmlund (1997) has similar ingredients as the suggestion by Thibault and Kelly, when as they construct a variable Cl alt to depict an outcome. This has later been utilised by several researchers within a dyadic relationship (e.g. Han 1997, Anderssen et al. 1994) or between channel members (e.g. Andersson and Narus 1990, Salminen 1997); Cl alt can be defined as a standard that represents the overall quality of outcomes (economic, social, and technical) available to the firm from the best alternative relationship. 38
Page 1 and 2: LAUREA PUBLICATIONS A•57 Markku N
Page 3 and 4: Copyright © author and Laurea Univ
Page 5 and 6: Foreword This publication is a comp
Page 7 and 8: The roots of network analysis can b
Page 9 and 10: Figure 1. Analytical Orientations i
Page 11 and 12: settings. Often the major objective
Page 13 and 14: Generally speaking, a grounded theo
Page 15 and 16: Evaluating the Limitations There ar
Page 17 and 18: general, the atmosphere should be e
Page 19 and 20: Annual NOFOMA 2005 Congress, Copenh
Page 21 and 22: ers. A triad is the smallest net th
Page 23 and 24: works. The term common carrier has,
Page 25 and 26: Coupling the infrastructural analys
Page 27 and 28: markets and hierarchies linked to g
Page 29 and 30: Concluding Discussion Modern logist
Page 31 and 32: Capineri, C.-Kamann, D -J.(1998) Sy
Page 33 and 34: Nikkanen, M.(2000) Comparing Networ
Page 35: Essay 1 Creation of Networks throug
Page 39 and 40: other party are required (for more
Page 41 and 42: thiness gradually, first by awarene
Page 43 and 44: Figure 1. The Interactive Processes
Page 45 and 46: Furthermore, Holmlund (1996) has ca
Page 47 and 48: as most of the members of the netwo
Page 49 and 50: Conclusions One of the most importa
Page 51 and 52: Ford, D.- Håkanson, H.-Johanson, J
Page 53 and 54: Salmi, A. (1995) Institutionally Ch
Page 55 and 56: terfirm cohesion is under scrutiny,
Page 57 and 58: paradigm the examination relies mor
Page 59 and 60: With respect to scientific analysis
Page 61 and 62: smaller units of the entire supply
Page 63 and 64: Researchers Role Interpretative, an
Page 65 and 66: ing illustration depicts graphicall
Page 67 and 68: analytical implications derived fro
Page 69 and 70: Nikkanen, M.,2003a, The Role of the
Page 71 and 72: transportation has been conventiona
Page 73 and 74: Among scientists in logistics there
Page 75 and 76: 1998). This is due to the fact that
Page 77 and 78: (exchange) relationship and how muc
Page 79 and 80: changing in time, which refers to e
Page 81 and 82: What comes to roles in particular,
Page 83 and 84: Integrator Particularly, the role o
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Dissertation, University of Oulu, A
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---- (1996b) The Network Approach i
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Introduction Intermodalism (IM) or
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Approaching Intermodal Freight Tran
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poral aspect of the concept, and em
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it rejects partly the question of e
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Empirical Evidence: Case VR Cargo R
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Identification of Roles In order to
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The role of the common carrier is a
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also trail runs for a new wagon typ
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tia influence the strategic decisio
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Nohria,N. (1992) Is a network persp
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trary’; there is no single object
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Figure 1: Network Structures Networ
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and psychological proximity; close
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sources and resource dependencies a
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creating collective identity (cogni
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nets as well. In the focal nets cre
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volvement of an integrator is incre
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Havila, V.,1996. International Busi
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Essay 6 Dealing with the Negative E
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obliged to work in a closer manner.
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Conflicts and power Many of the und
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fore the network reactions (transmi
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Conflict resolution in IFT Because
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Scope of behavioural responses In I
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Extending the explanation with co-c
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Conclusions In tightly bonded netwo
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Jary,J.and Jary,J. (1999) Dictionar
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(e.g. destruction and annihilation,
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Everything undergoes development an
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However, the theory is based on the
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The depth of the relationship and i
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eral success, some other actors per
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References Andersson, J.,Håkanson,
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Essay 8 Spatial Concerns in Logisti
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time space logistics theory social
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tool for studying the proximity bet
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sic elements of Piaget’s theory).
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In general, the adoption of new beh
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are often reinforced by closeness,
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APPENDIX 1 Newtonian-based Interpre
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Introduction The term common carrie
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predictable organisational behaviou
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Figure 3.1 Different approaches for
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lated that both the stability and d
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(because often imbalance in contain
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others. This means that all activit
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Normative Approach and Interpretati
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tions are primarily in focus (compa
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Repositioning The discussion indica
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ole of the common carrier. In liner
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Ford, D.,Gadde, L-E.,Håkanson,H.,L
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There has been growing interest rec
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