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progress, carrying out quite strong internal rules and norms. On the other hand, the identification of causality in e.g. decision making is very difficult to a large number of participants on different managerial levels. Structure of the Study The present study is a compilation of an introductory part and nine scientific research papers: Essay1: Nikkanen, M. Creation of Networks through Interaction, Relationships and Nets Essay 2: Nikkanen, M. Contribution of the Industrial Network View for Analysing Supply Chain Management (Paper presented in the 13 th Working Seminar on Production Economics, Igls/Austria, February 2004) Essay 3: Nikkanen, M. The Different Roles of the Railcarrier in Intermodal Freight Transportation Network (Paper presented in the 13 th IMP Conference, Lugano, Switzerland, September 4-6, 2003) Essay 4: Nikkanen, M. Analysing Intermodal Freight Transportation through the Roles of the Operators: Case VR Cargo (Paper presented in the annual NOFOMA 2004 Congress, University of Linköping, Sweden, June 2004) Essay 5: Nikkanen, M. Generation of Supply Networks through Sub-nets (Paper published in the Proceedings of IPSERA 2004 Conference, Catania, Italy) Essay 6: Nikkanen, M. Means of Handling the Negative Effects of Network Engagement in Structurally Bonded Nets: Initial Empirical Evidence (Paper accepted to be presented in the 14 th IMP Conference in Copenhagen, Denmark, September 2004) Essay 7: Nikkanen, M. From Interaction-based Approach to Dialectical Confrontation: Some Theoretical Proposals for Analysing the Consistency of Dissentient Interorganisational Relationships (Paper presented in the 15th Annual IMP Conference, Rotterdam, the Netherlands, September 2005) Essay 8: Nikkanen, M. Spatial Concerns in Logistical Networks with Special Reference to Proximity (Paper presented in the 15th Annual IMP Conference, Rotterdam, the Netherlands, September 2005) Essay 9: Nikkanen, M. Common Carriers in Intermodal Rail and Sea Transportation Networks: Preliminary Empirical Evidence (Paper presented in the 19
Annual NOFOMA 2005 Congress, Copenhagen Business School, Copenhagen, Denmark) The papers are summarized below. In Essay 1 there is a theoretical description of interaction, relationships, their dimensions, and major interorganisational processes on multiple managerial levels as well as their outcomes. One of the most important objectives of this essay is to reveal those conceptualisations which are not explicitly explained in the SCM -based approach and which are needed to understand the logic of the nets and networks that is often applied in this study but rarely discussed in details. From analytical point of view it is of great importance to find out the major managerial levels, including how the relationships are conceived through the interaction processes (exchange, adaptation, coordination). Finally, a synthesis is made by combining the levels of interaction, the dimensions of the relationship creation procedure and the outcome of the interorganisational processes. Essay 2 sheds light on two distinctive approaches in understanding modern logistics for analyzing networks. It is assumed that the interaction-based network view (particularly according to the IMP-based interpretation) and the managerial view (represented by traditional ‘managerial’ Supply Chain Management) differ in some major features, which are even ontological by nature. There are some pitfalls in employing SCM: e.g. it depicts a reality where one firm (actor) dominates over others in terms of technological exellence, capabilities, power or size, which is not the case in complex networks with multiple players and an abundancy of business relationships; also in empirical analysis, SCM often addresses the higher managerial levels, emphasising their decision-making. In the essay it is claimed that much of interorganisational behaviour tends to be interpersonal, taking place on lower managerial levels, and being influenced by social structures. One of the key proposals is that in SCM the examination often relies on classical modelling (the hypothetic-deductive approach in the analysis and the mechanistic stimulus-response/SR- scheme) accompanied by an urge to trace practical strategic benefits. In the industrial network view, in turn, the theory is based on interaction between the actors in general; the actors can be firms or human beings. Theoretically, in the industrial network view the grand view of human interaction relies on the idea of interaction in contrast to considering actions and reactions (proactive and reactive measures respectively) as responses, as implicitly presumed under SCM. Through the industrial network view, the logistics research is enriched by the proposals, concepts and ideas created in social sciences, and more particularly in the social exchange theory. 20
Page 1 and 2: LAUREA PUBLICATIONS A•57 Markku N
Page 3 and 4: Copyright © author and Laurea Univ
Page 5 and 6: Foreword This publication is a comp
Page 7 and 8: The roots of network analysis can b
Page 9 and 10: Figure 1. Analytical Orientations i
Page 11 and 12: settings. Often the major objective
Page 13 and 14: Generally speaking, a grounded theo
Page 15 and 16: Evaluating the Limitations There ar
Page 17: general, the atmosphere should be e
Page 21 and 22: ers. A triad is the smallest net th
Page 23 and 24: works. The term common carrier has,
Page 25 and 26: Coupling the infrastructural analys
Page 27 and 28: markets and hierarchies linked to g
Page 29 and 30: Concluding Discussion Modern logist
Page 31 and 32: Capineri, C.-Kamann, D -J.(1998) Sy
Page 33 and 34: Nikkanen, M.(2000) Comparing Networ
Page 35 and 36: Essay 1 Creation of Networks throug
Page 37 and 38: When interacting, the parties have
Page 39 and 40: other party are required (for more
Page 41 and 42: thiness gradually, first by awarene
Page 43 and 44: Figure 1. The Interactive Processes
Page 45 and 46: Furthermore, Holmlund (1996) has ca
Page 47 and 48: as most of the members of the netwo
Page 49 and 50: Conclusions One of the most importa
Page 51 and 52: Ford, D.- Håkanson, H.-Johanson, J
Page 53 and 54: Salmi, A. (1995) Institutionally Ch
Page 55 and 56: terfirm cohesion is under scrutiny,
Page 57 and 58: paradigm the examination relies mor
Page 59 and 60: With respect to scientific analysis
Page 61 and 62: smaller units of the entire supply
Page 63 and 64: Researchers Role Interpretative, an
Page 65 and 66: ing illustration depicts graphicall
Page 67 and 68: analytical implications derived fro
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Nikkanen, M.,2003a, The Role of the
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transportation has been conventiona
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Among scientists in logistics there
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1998). This is due to the fact that
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(exchange) relationship and how muc
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changing in time, which refers to e
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What comes to roles in particular,
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Integrator Particularly, the role o
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flection of the network identity. D
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Dissertation, University of Oulu, A
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---- (1996b) The Network Approach i
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Introduction Intermodalism (IM) or
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Approaching Intermodal Freight Tran
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poral aspect of the concept, and em
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it rejects partly the question of e
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Empirical Evidence: Case VR Cargo R
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Identification of Roles In order to
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The role of the common carrier is a
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also trail runs for a new wagon typ
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tia influence the strategic decisio
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Nohria,N. (1992) Is a network persp
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trary’; there is no single object
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Figure 1: Network Structures Networ
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and psychological proximity; close
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sources and resource dependencies a
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creating collective identity (cogni
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nets as well. In the focal nets cre
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volvement of an integrator is incre
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Havila, V.,1996. International Busi
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Essay 6 Dealing with the Negative E
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obliged to work in a closer manner.
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Conflicts and power Many of the und
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fore the network reactions (transmi
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Conflict resolution in IFT Because
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Scope of behavioural responses In I
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Extending the explanation with co-c
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Conclusions In tightly bonded netwo
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Jary,J.and Jary,J. (1999) Dictionar
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(e.g. destruction and annihilation,
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Everything undergoes development an
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However, the theory is based on the
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The depth of the relationship and i
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eral success, some other actors per
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References Andersson, J.,Håkanson,
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Essay 8 Spatial Concerns in Logisti
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time space logistics theory social
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tool for studying the proximity bet
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sic elements of Piaget’s theory).
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In general, the adoption of new beh
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are often reinforced by closeness,
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APPENDIX 1 Newtonian-based Interpre
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Introduction The term common carrie
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predictable organisational behaviou
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Figure 3.1 Different approaches for
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lated that both the stability and d
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(because often imbalance in contain
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others. This means that all activit
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Normative Approach and Interpretati
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tions are primarily in focus (compa
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Repositioning The discussion indica
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ole of the common carrier. In liner
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Ford, D.,Gadde, L-E.,Håkanson,H.,L
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There has been growing interest rec
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