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Concepts Interfirm activities SCM TPL EDI Partnerships Logistics Management Purchasing Production Distribution Major level for analysing the acticities Approach Major Influence Operational paradigm optimisation Channel Analytical Industrial Economic Management Science 57 System paradigm holistic Functional inter- and intra-organisational Supply chain Infrastructural networks Systematic Management Strategy Information Technology Behavioural paradigm integration Strategic paradigm Network Social structures Actor Marketing Social Figure 1. Relations between Recent Logistics Paradigms, Themes, Methodology, and Co-sciences To sum up, the behavioural paradigm means that the logistics research is enriched by the proposals, concepts and ideas created in social sciences, and more particularly in the social exchange theory (e.g. role, position, power, embeddedness, identity, interaction). These proposals are often transferred through the modern marketing theory. The utilisation of IMP-based philosophy representing contemporary marketing theory and Industrial Network View means also the rejection of the simple stimulus–response– model; an interaction type of exchange (the actor-actor scheme) is thus addressed. In other words, the ‘process is not one of action and reaction; it is one of interaction‘(Ford 1997, xi). The contribution of state-of-the art marketing theory ((Customer) Relationship Marketing/Management) including its strong interest in analysing networks can be significant in modern logistics thinking (see e.g. Christopher 1998). In the strategic
paradigm the examination relies more on classical modelling (hypotheticdeductive approach and mechanistic SR- scheme as a presumption) attached by an urge to trace practical strategic benefits. In logistics science the managerial, or strategical approach (as represented by the SCM) has traditionally strongly affected not only the strategical decision making, but also the research work. Limitations of SCM-based Thinking Although Supply Chain Management and its managerial nature are an essential part of modern logistics thinking, some critical notes have to be added. New and Payne (1995) associate SCM with unhelpful research practices, because it has some weaknesses: enough empirical evidence may not be found and the basis might not be a relevant one to support some basic ideas. As a result, a widelyaccepted discipline can be harmful as it can be a ‘wisdom‘; the theory stipulates the norms for analysis defining what is a valid approach and what is not. According to New and Payne, the domain is too broad and wide, and thus it reduces the scholars’ ability to find out the real points: ‘it becomes less clear what differentiates the subject as a distinctive field, and what constitutes valid research questions and investigative strategies‘ (New and Payne 1995, 69). Moreover, the use of SCM has an impact on the research strategies as well; the use of deductive reasoning has guided the scholars in logistics, and the use of inductive theories has not been in focus in a comprehensive manner. In addition, supply chain ideology is mainly applicable for conditions in which a traditional manufacturing industry is performed, and it is not so well suitable for explaining the regularities in service industry. Furthermore, the value creation logic in supply chain theory is problematic: value is created through sequential activities, with interlinked, partly overlapping or extended value chains. More evident is that the relationships per se have value and the processes are more non-linear, parallel and matrixed in nature. In networks it is not often a question of how the firms operate, but rather how the actors in a broad scope are involved in the network/net. This means also that much of the interorganisational behaviour is as much interpersonal as based on formal and rational decision-making across firm boundaries. Accordingly, the question of a real win-win situation is problematic, as every network hides the conflicts of interest and deleterious effects; the actors want to be involved in the network despite of these constraints. In SCM the non-positive features of the re- 58
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LAUREA PUBLICATIONS A•57 Markku N
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Copyright © author and Laurea Univ
Page 5 and 6: Foreword This publication is a comp
Page 7 and 8: The roots of network analysis can b
Page 9 and 10: Figure 1. Analytical Orientations i
Page 11 and 12: settings. Often the major objective
Page 13 and 14: Generally speaking, a grounded theo
Page 15 and 16: Evaluating the Limitations There ar
Page 17 and 18: general, the atmosphere should be e
Page 19 and 20: Annual NOFOMA 2005 Congress, Copenh
Page 21 and 22: ers. A triad is the smallest net th
Page 23 and 24: works. The term common carrier has,
Page 25 and 26: Coupling the infrastructural analys
Page 27 and 28: markets and hierarchies linked to g
Page 29 and 30: Concluding Discussion Modern logist
Page 31 and 32: Capineri, C.-Kamann, D -J.(1998) Sy
Page 33 and 34: Nikkanen, M.(2000) Comparing Networ
Page 35 and 36: Essay 1 Creation of Networks throug
Page 37 and 38: When interacting, the parties have
Page 39 and 40: other party are required (for more
Page 41 and 42: thiness gradually, first by awarene
Page 43 and 44: Figure 1. The Interactive Processes
Page 45 and 46: Furthermore, Holmlund (1996) has ca
Page 47 and 48: as most of the members of the netwo
Page 49 and 50: Conclusions One of the most importa
Page 51 and 52: Ford, D.- Håkanson, H.-Johanson, J
Page 53 and 54: Salmi, A. (1995) Institutionally Ch
Page 55: terfirm cohesion is under scrutiny,
Page 59 and 60: With respect to scientific analysis
Page 61 and 62: smaller units of the entire supply
Page 63 and 64: Researchers Role Interpretative, an
Page 65 and 66: ing illustration depicts graphicall
Page 67 and 68: analytical implications derived fro
Page 69 and 70: Nikkanen, M.,2003a, The Role of the
Page 71 and 72: transportation has been conventiona
Page 73 and 74: Among scientists in logistics there
Page 75 and 76: 1998). This is due to the fact that
Page 77 and 78: (exchange) relationship and how muc
Page 79 and 80: changing in time, which refers to e
Page 81 and 82: What comes to roles in particular,
Page 83 and 84: Integrator Particularly, the role o
Page 85 and 86: flection of the network identity. D
Page 87 and 88: Dissertation, University of Oulu, A
Page 89 and 90: ---- (1996b) The Network Approach i
Page 91 and 92: Introduction Intermodalism (IM) or
Page 93 and 94: Approaching Intermodal Freight Tran
Page 95 and 96: poral aspect of the concept, and em
Page 97 and 98: it rejects partly the question of e
Page 99 and 100: Empirical Evidence: Case VR Cargo R
Page 101 and 102: Identification of Roles In order to
Page 103 and 104: The role of the common carrier is a
Page 105 and 106: also trail runs for a new wagon typ
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tia influence the strategic decisio
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Nohria,N. (1992) Is a network persp
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trary’; there is no single object
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Figure 1: Network Structures Networ
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and psychological proximity; close
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sources and resource dependencies a
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creating collective identity (cogni
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nets as well. In the focal nets cre
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volvement of an integrator is incre
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Havila, V.,1996. International Busi
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Essay 6 Dealing with the Negative E
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obliged to work in a closer manner.
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Conflicts and power Many of the und
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fore the network reactions (transmi
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Conflict resolution in IFT Because
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Scope of behavioural responses In I
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Extending the explanation with co-c
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Conclusions In tightly bonded netwo
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Jary,J.and Jary,J. (1999) Dictionar
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(e.g. destruction and annihilation,
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Everything undergoes development an
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However, the theory is based on the
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The depth of the relationship and i
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eral success, some other actors per
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References Andersson, J.,Håkanson,
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Essay 8 Spatial Concerns in Logisti
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time space logistics theory social
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tool for studying the proximity bet
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sic elements of Piaget’s theory).
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In general, the adoption of new beh
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are often reinforced by closeness,
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APPENDIX 1 Newtonian-based Interpre
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Introduction The term common carrie
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predictable organisational behaviou
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Figure 3.1 Different approaches for
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lated that both the stability and d
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(because often imbalance in contain
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others. This means that all activit
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Normative Approach and Interpretati
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tions are primarily in focus (compa
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Repositioning The discussion indica
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ole of the common carrier. In liner
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Ford, D.,Gadde, L-E.,Håkanson,H.,L
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There has been growing interest rec
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