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3.2.2 Industry Activities As a result of increasing concern over the ecological effects of organochlorines, many paper companies are implementing site specific process modifications at their mills, These modifications are responsible for significant reductions in the generation of these organochlorines. These process alterations include: Reduction of pulp lignin prior to bleaching through extended delignification (cooking) Elimination of non-chlorinated dioxin in pulp washing defoamers Reduced use of chlorine gas in the bleaching process by, a. The use of peroxide in early stages of multi-stage bleaching processes b. The use of less chlorine gas through substitution of chlorine dioxide Additionally, NCASl is undertaking studies to identify elements of the production process which appear to be involved in the formation of dioxin. 3.2.3 LegislatlonlRegulation Water discharge permits for pulp mills typically place limitation on only three properties of the effluent: biological oxygen demand (BOD) which measures organic and easily degradable compounds, total suspended solids (TSS) which measures the amount of fibers and other wood particles discharged, and pH which measures acidity. None of these items measure the presence of chemicals in the effluent, and they ignore the persistent organochlorines that are a by-product of bleaching. Though many pulp mills employ biological treatment ponds or aerated lagoons to treat effluent before discharge, these facilities are generally ineffective against organochlorines because they resist biological breakdown. Dioxin-containing sludge from the settling ponds is not regulated as a hazardous waste. 3.2.4 Recommendations The linkage between the manufacture, use, and disposal of bleached paper products and the presence of some portion of the toxic organochlorines found in the environment has been established by authoritative investigation. It follows that a reduced demand for bleached paper products will correspondingly reduce the potential for ecological contamination by these compounds. 14 Environmental Packaalna <strong>Guidelines</strong> In addition to the concerns associated with organochlorine generation, it must also be understood that bleached paper is manufactured from virgin fibre. This circumstance creates further demand on our forest resources and reduces opportunity for the use of recycled fibre. When designing an environmentally-sound package, thorough consideration should be given to eliminating or significantly reducing the requirement for bleached corrugated liner and paperboard. Our environmental hierarchy is presented below. Environmentally superior characteristics are identified first, less desirable appear last: 1. Specify unbleached “natural” material, or 2. Specify color-coated unbleached material (See Table 2 on page 15 for a partial listing of Corrugated coating manufacturers), or
3.3 Heavy Metals in Inks 3. Specify mottled white liner (which achieves an 80% reduction in bleached flber), or 4. Specify bleached materials having a reduced "whiteness" requirement, or 5. Specify white coated mottled white or semi-bleached material Table 2. Corrugated Coating Manufacturers Menufacturer Location Phone Michelman Inc. Cincinnatti, OH (51 3) 793-7766 international Coatinos Co. Cerritos. CA 12131 926-0747 Eastman Chemical Products Kingsport, TN (615) 229-2000 Note: The specification for the use of coated packaging should stipulate that the coating material meet the requirements of 21 CFR, 176.170. This is the Fwd and Drug Adminis- tration section of the Code of Federal Regulations. 3.3.1 Introduction Inks have three component parts: pigments, which yield color, resins, which act as carriers of the pigment and permit it to attach to an object; and solvents, which dissolve resins and make the Ink workable. Carbon black, the work-horse of the pigment series, is produced exclusively from petrochemicals, as are the solvents and other organic pigments. Nonsrganic based components include (heavy metal) pigments such as lead, mercury, cadmium, cobalt, chromium and nickel (See Table 3 on page 16 for a list of heavy metals which may be encountered in certain pigments.) Toxicologists are finding growing evidence to substantiate their long-felt malaise regarding the health effects of exposure to many of the pigments currently in use. Some of the pigments identified to date that pose potential hazards include carbon black, lead chromate, molybdate. cadmium, benzidenes, mercury sulfide, phthalocyanide and toluidines. The task of systematically identifying potentially hazardous pigments is enormous and stili in its incipient stages. The problem being faced is in the generation and disposal of wastes associated with ink borne heavy metals. These materials are often used in packaging; once the packaging is Incinerated, the resulting inorganic ash contains heavy-metal oxides or sulfates. Such incinerator ash requires special and costly disposal. Toxic Material Reduction 15
Page 1: Electronic Products, Parts and Supp
Page 5 and 6: About this book This book has been
Page 7 and 8: How to use this manual online ' Thi
Page 9 and 10: . Contents About thls book ........
Page 11 and 12: 6.3.3 Evaluation Process for Reusab
Page 13 and 14: 1 .O Environmental Packaging Design
Page 15 and 16: 1.6 IBM Corporate Environmental Pol
Page 17 and 18: Number 139 November 29, 1900 Page 2
Page 19 and 20: 1.7 IBM Corporate Environmental Pos
Page 21 and 22: 2.0 Ozone Depleting Substances 2.1
Page 23 and 24: 3.0 Toxic Material Reduction 3.1 In
Page 25: dh ure 1. The Pulp and Paper Proces
Page 29 and 30: for example, must be shown to be sa
Page 31 and 32: Table 4 (Pam 1 of 2). Toxins in Pla
Page 33 and 34: 3.4.4 Recommendations It is recomme
Page 35 and 36: ' 4.0 Recycling 4.1 Introduction 4.
Page 37 and 38: 4.3 Recycling and the Economy other
Page 39 and 40: 4.6 Wooden materials Muff/-Meterla/
Page 41 and 42: Mlxed Paper: Mixed papers are gener
Page 43 and 44: 4.7.8 Guidelines for Recycled Fiber
Page 45 and 46: If part-specific artwork has not be
Page 47 and 48: Secondary applications for C0n"ngle
Page 49 and 50: of imprinting is preferred as this
Page 51: 2. Seat cushions 3. Tractor seats U
Page 54 and 55: 4.10.5 Recommendations Degradable a
Page 56 and 57: Compostabla: Unqualified claims of
Page 58 and 59: Material light-Weightlng: Material
Page 60 and 61: PackinglUse: This is the labor invo
Page 62 and 63: simple, to facilitate easy and fast
Page 64 and 65: chemically treated fibers is NOT RE
Page 66 and 67: Cost Comparlson: Compare the estima
Page 68 and 69: 7.4 Life-Cycle Inventory 7.4.1 Over
Page 70 and 71: 7.5.1 .I Resources: Corrugated cont
Page 72 and 73: ... Again, industry figures are una
Page 74 and 75: Alr Emlsslons: The industry ranges
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4 Environmental Packaging Guldellne
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The introduction of a non-standard
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68 Environmental Packanino liiiidol
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In the meantime. until these quanti
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use of new or different types of lo
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74 Envlronmantal Packaging Guidelin
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Packaging Packaging Digest 650 S. C
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Earthworm (recycling programs) 186
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Semicycle (IC tubes, etc. recycling
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BALER a machine used to compress re
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COLLECTOR PARTICULATE Types: BAG-FI
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DIOXIN I. General term applied to a
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were mixed with the combustible mat
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HEAVY-MEDIA SEPARATOR a unit proces
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with the holocellulose which makes
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ORGANOCHLORINES term for over 300 c
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PUTRESCIBLE organic matter capable
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.. REPALLETIZATION the transfer of
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~ use of rubber tires as dock bumpe
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~~ (7) SOURCE SEPARATED RECYCLABLES
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stock when it has been graded and b
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