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Table 4 (Page 2 of 2). Toxins in Plastics Additive Purpose Typical Compounds Fillers and Reinforce- Organic Peroxides Impact Modifiers Antistatic Agents Fillers are added to plastics to reduce the quantity of high cost plastics required in the final product. Reinforcing filers such as fiberglass and graphite give additional strength to the plastic product. Used as curing and cross-linking agents for polymers such as unsaturated polyesters and polyolefins. Their purpose Is to Initiate cross-linking, and in doing so decompose. These peroxides are not present as such in the finished product unless in minor residual amounts. Added to plastics to enable plastic products to withstand stronger impacts and still remain intact. For example, rubbery polymers are added to PVC and other thermoplastics to produce products with improved impact resistance. The use of antistatic agents in plastics is a growing need in electronics. computer and aerospace applications where electrostatic damage can result in costly defects. The increasing miniaturization of electronics components, for example makes them even more susceptible to static eiec- tric charges Non-reinforcing fillers include calcium carbonate, clay, talc, carbon black and fly ash Reinforcing fillers include fiberglass, graphite and cellulose Benzoyl peroxides Methyl ethyl ketone peroxides * Peresters and dialkyl Peroxides . Styrene-butadiene polymers - Chlorinated polyethylenes Ethylene vinyl acetate copolymers . Calcium carbonate . antistats . Ethoxylated alkylamines * Metal flakes such as aluminum * Surface modifiers including silanes and titanates 3.4.2 Industry Activities In anticipation of proposed or impending legislation designed to regulate heavy 'metal content in packaging, several major plastics manufacturers as well as certain of their prominent customers have already placed limitations on these elements. These limitations primarily affect the pigments used in coloring plastics, and go beyond the current limitation levels established by the Food and Drug Administration for food packaging. Inorganic pigments containing heavy metals are being replaced by organic pigments. To achieve certain color and finish standards it is sometimes neces- sary to use additional organic material, which can result in an increased cost. However, the value of this step in reducing the heavy metal constituents of the solid waste stream is significant and warranted. 3.4.3 LegislationlRegulation Model legislation, developed by the Coalition of Northeastern Governors (CONEG) restricts certain heavy metal content in all packaging and is directed at minimizing these toxic elements introduced into the waste stream by packaging disposal. 20 Environmental Packaging Guidellnes The CONEG recommendations are outlined in detail in the section of this guidebook discussing heavy metals in Inks. PBBs and PBBOs in packaging materials are banned by Dutch Law and the State of California.
3.4.4 Recommendations It is recommended that all iBM locations utilize Engineering Specification 5897661 which defines acceptable limits for heavy metals content in IBM packaging materials. This recommendation Is discussed further in the section of this guidebook dealing with Heavy Metals in Inks. 3.5 Summary Since PBBs and PBBOs had very limited use in IBM packaging, no engineering specification was created to eliminate their use. However, the compounds listed in Table 5 are banned from IBM foam packaging Table 5. Banned PBBs and PBBOs PBBlPBBO CAS 1y polybrominatedbiphenyl 59536-65-1 nonabromobiDhenvl ether 63936-56-1 heptabromobiphenyl ether hexabromobiohenvl .~ ether 68928-80-3 36483-60-0 tetrabromobiphenyl ether 4008847.9 tribromobiphenyl ether 49690-94.0 octabromobiphenyl ether 32536-52-0 pentabromobiphenyl ether 32534-81-9 dibromobiphenyl ether 205047-7 decabromobiphenyl ether 1 163-1 9-5 bromobiphenyl ether 101 -55-3 Because the material contained in this guidebook section treats the topic of Toxic Materials Reduction in a rather abstract format, it is appropriate that the conclusion to this section should relate this information to IBM packaging prac- tice. Figure 2 on page 22 shows a engineering drawing produced in 1986. Examina- tion of this drawing indicates several Items which in view of what is presently known about solid waste concerns, are not environmentally sound. For example, refer to the notes included on this drawing and consider their potential affect on the environment: Note 1 - The use of bleached paper has generated dioxin during the manu- facturing process. Note I - The use of bleached paper requires virgin fiber and a corresponding natural resource depletion. Note I - Because of the use of clay coating and varnish finishes, the con. tainer is not desirable for recycling. * Notes 3 8, 6 -The FDA limits certain heavy metals content to 600 PPM. Current assessments by government, industry, and the scientific community indicate this limit must be lowered to 100 PPM. Note 3 - The use of varnish will result in air pollution during the manufacture. Varnishes contain such volatile solvents as methanol, toluene, ketones, etc., and often thinners such as naphtha. TOXIC Materlal Reduction 21
Page 1: Electronic Products, Parts and Supp
Page 5 and 6: About this book This book has been
Page 7 and 8: How to use this manual online ' Thi
Page 9 and 10: . Contents About thls book ........
Page 11 and 12: 6.3.3 Evaluation Process for Reusab
Page 13 and 14: 1 .O Environmental Packaging Design
Page 15 and 16: 1.6 IBM Corporate Environmental Pol
Page 17 and 18: Number 139 November 29, 1900 Page 2
Page 19 and 20: 1.7 IBM Corporate Environmental Pos
Page 21 and 22: 2.0 Ozone Depleting Substances 2.1
Page 23 and 24: 3.0 Toxic Material Reduction 3.1 In
Page 25 and 26: dh ure 1. The Pulp and Paper Proces
Page 27 and 28: 3.3 Heavy Metals in Inks 3. Specify
Page 29 and 30: for example, must be shown to be sa
Page 31: Table 4 (Pam 1 of 2). Toxins in Pla
Page 35 and 36: ' 4.0 Recycling 4.1 Introduction 4.
Page 37 and 38: 4.3 Recycling and the Economy other
Page 39 and 40: 4.6 Wooden materials Muff/-Meterla/
Page 41 and 42: Mlxed Paper: Mixed papers are gener
Page 43 and 44: 4.7.8 Guidelines for Recycled Fiber
Page 45 and 46: If part-specific artwork has not be
Page 47 and 48: Secondary applications for C0n"ngle
Page 49 and 50: of imprinting is preferred as this
Page 51: 2. Seat cushions 3. Tractor seats U
Page 54 and 55: 4.10.5 Recommendations Degradable a
Page 56 and 57: Compostabla: Unqualified claims of
Page 58 and 59: Material light-Weightlng: Material
Page 60 and 61: PackinglUse: This is the labor invo
Page 62 and 63: simple, to facilitate easy and fast
Page 64 and 65: chemically treated fibers is NOT RE
Page 66 and 67: Cost Comparlson: Compare the estima
Page 68 and 69: 7.4 Life-Cycle Inventory 7.4.1 Over
Page 70 and 71: 7.5.1 .I Resources: Corrugated cont
Page 72 and 73: ... Again, industry figures are una
Page 74 and 75: Alr Emlsslons: The industry ranges
Page 76 and 77: 4 Environmental Packaging Guldellne
Page 78 and 79: The introduction of a non-standard
Page 80 and 81: 68 Environmental Packanino liiiidol
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In the meantime. until these quanti
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use of new or different types of lo
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74 Envlronmantal Packaging Guidelin
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Packaging Packaging Digest 650 S. C
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Earthworm (recycling programs) 186
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Semicycle (IC tubes, etc. recycling
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BALER a machine used to compress re
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COLLECTOR PARTICULATE Types: BAG-FI
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DIOXIN I. General term applied to a
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were mixed with the combustible mat
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HEAVY-MEDIA SEPARATOR a unit proces
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with the holocellulose which makes
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ORGANOCHLORINES term for over 300 c
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PUTRESCIBLE organic matter capable
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.. REPALLETIZATION the transfer of
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~ use of rubber tires as dock bumpe
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~~ (7) SOURCE SEPARATED RECYCLABLES
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stock when it has been graded and b
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