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3.4 Toxins in Plastics 3.4.1 Introduction The single largest use of plastics today, taking up a fourth of all plastics produced or 12 billion pounds of plastics a year, is packaging. Packaging is a huge industry. The $55.8 billion of packaging in 1985 amounted to 4 percent of the value of all finished goods sold in the United States. Plastics are the third largest segment of that industry, exceeded' only by paperboard and metals. 18 Environmental Packaolno <strong>Guidelines</strong> Two potential areas of pollution in the plastics processing industry are air pollution during processing, and solid plastic waste generated on-site. In general, the plastics processing industry does not use large amounts of water, nor does it generate large amounts of wastewater. Hence, water pollution problems are relatively small. Air pollution problems presented by the plastics processing industry consist pri- marily of removing processing chemicals such as solvents, sofleners and plasticizers from plant exhaust air streams. During molding and forming, most plastics are relatively inert. But there are threats at this stage as well; from toxic additives, from hazardous chemicals used in processing, and from heating up the polymer (which may allow toxic elements to volatilize). Ingredients in plastic production have dangerous properties for those who work with them or live near plastic factories. In 1986, EPA ranked the 20 chemicals whose production generates the most hazardous waste. Five of the top six were chemicals commonly used by the plastics industry: Propylene (#I), phenol (#3), ethylene (#4), polystyrene (#5) and benzene (#6). In 1980, 44 percent of propylene, 73 percent of phenol, 61 percent of ethylene and 72 percent of styrene produced were consumed by the plastics industry. The plastics industry is a strong supporter of incineration, arguing that because plastics are made from petrochemicals, they release much more energy than other municipal wastes, thereby helping the entire waste stream to burn more efficiently. Plastic wastes become a potential disposal problem when certain plastics are incinerated. Controversy exists regarding the effect of incineration of plastics on the environ- ment. Although a significant portion of domestic waste contains relatively harm- less plastics such as polyethylene, the incineration of other components of garbage may contribute to air pollution and ash disposal problems. When a high percentage of certain plastics is incinerated, the burning process may yield potentially toxic gases. For example, the burning of PVC generates hydrogen chloride gas. The incineration of urethanes produces hydrogen cyanide. Imperfect burning of plastics produces soot. Specially designed incinerators have to be used when the plastic content is high to protect the equipment against corrosive damage from combustion products, such as hydrogen chloride, ammonia, sulphur oxides and nitrogen oxides. Of particular concern is the fact that many additives used to process and color plastics products contain toxic heavy metals such as lead, cadmium and nickel. Because these heavy metals do not combust, they have been found in both air emissions and ash from municipal solid waste incinerators.
Table 4 (Pam 1 of 2). Toxins in Plastics Another concern with additives to plastics Is flame retardants. Polybrominated Biphenyls and polybrominated biphenyl oxides (PBBs/PBBOs) are targeted for total elimination from plastic packaging, specifically foam cushioning. This ban was driven by a Dutch Law passed in 1993. The reason for banning PBBs and PBBOs is that when the materials containing these compounds are disposed, bromo-dioxins and/or bromo-furans can be generated which are toxic because these compounds accumulate In the tissue of humans, animals and in plants. Addltke Purposa Typlwl Compounds Flame retardants Heat Stabilizers Lubricants Plasticizers Added to plastics to yield products that will ignite and burn with greater difficulty than untreated plastics. Current research efforts include minimizing the toxic smoke and gas assodated with the burning of plastics, particularly as it relates to unexpected fires in buildings. Used to ensure product durability. Heat stabilizers are Important additions to heat-sensitive polymers that undergo relatively high temperatures to soften them during fabricatino omratlons. Function to decrease the viscosity of the resin melt and to control resin-to-melt friction during plastics processing. Thew additives also lower the die swell of extrudates and promote surface gloss. Added to Dolvmers such as PVC to make them soft and - Phthalates flexible. Pla6ticizers are also used to improve melt * Adipates processlbllity and toughness of rigid plastics such as * Phosphates c~llulow esters and ethers, and in a variety of specialized aDDlications. * Epoxy Polvesters *Aluminum trihydrate (ATH) * Organic phosphates 'Antimony oxides * Organic halogen compounds Boron compounds Polybrominated byphenyl compounds (PBBs and PBBOs) * Liquid organotin compounds and tin mercaptide6 Barium/cadmium concentrates * Barium/zinc/lead additives Metallic stearates .Waxes, fatty acids and mineral oil * Silicones . Molybdenum * Polyfluorocarbons Required in the stabilization of ABS, polypropylene, * Primary antioxidants such as butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT) polyethylene and polystyrene plastics. These additives Secondary antioxidants such as Antioxidants may be free radical scavengers (primary oxidants) or dilauryl thiodipropionate and peroxide decomposers (sewndary antioxidants). trisphosphite PhosDhite/ohenolic blends Ultravidet (UV) Stabilizers Function to prevent degradation of plastics by UV radiation such as occurs in sunlight. Many organic UV stabilizers tend to migrate to the polymer surface. Used in the production of cellular plastics such as foamed Blowing insulation, and plastic film, sheet and pipe obtained by Agents extrusion. Colorants Added to achieve the desired color of the final product. Color may be compounded into the resin and sold as such. In other instances, the end-user blends the appropriate amount of dry wlor powder with resin and produces the final wlorpart. Currently, color is frequently added as pellet concentrates or direct-feed liquids to minimize occu- pational exposure to colorants. Hindered amine stabilizers *Zinc oxide and nickel complexes * Benzophenonesand benzotriazoles 0 Carbon black * Phosohite co-stabilizers Fluorocarbons Chemical blowing agents (CBA) such as azodicarbonamlde and sulfone hydrazide * High temperature blowing agents 1HTBAI *Titanium dioxide *Carbon black Inorganic colorants such as iron oxides, cadmium, chromium, lead, nickeland molybdate Organic colorants such as phthalocyanines, nigrosines and others TOXIC Material Reduction 19
Page 1: Electronic Products, Parts and Supp
Page 5 and 6: About this book This book has been
Page 7 and 8: How to use this manual online ' Thi
Page 9 and 10: . Contents About thls book ........
Page 11 and 12: 6.3.3 Evaluation Process for Reusab
Page 13 and 14: 1 .O Environmental Packaging Design
Page 15 and 16: 1.6 IBM Corporate Environmental Pol
Page 17 and 18: Number 139 November 29, 1900 Page 2
Page 19 and 20: 1.7 IBM Corporate Environmental Pos
Page 21 and 22: 2.0 Ozone Depleting Substances 2.1
Page 23 and 24: 3.0 Toxic Material Reduction 3.1 In
Page 25 and 26: dh ure 1. The Pulp and Paper Proces
Page 27 and 28: 3.3 Heavy Metals in Inks 3. Specify
Page 29: for example, must be shown to be sa
Page 33 and 34: 3.4.4 Recommendations It is recomme
Page 35 and 36: ' 4.0 Recycling 4.1 Introduction 4.
Page 37 and 38: 4.3 Recycling and the Economy other
Page 39 and 40: 4.6 Wooden materials Muff/-Meterla/
Page 41 and 42: Mlxed Paper: Mixed papers are gener
Page 43 and 44: 4.7.8 Guidelines for Recycled Fiber
Page 45 and 46: If part-specific artwork has not be
Page 47 and 48: Secondary applications for C0n"ngle
Page 49 and 50: of imprinting is preferred as this
Page 51: 2. Seat cushions 3. Tractor seats U
Page 54 and 55: 4.10.5 Recommendations Degradable a
Page 56 and 57: Compostabla: Unqualified claims of
Page 58 and 59: Material light-Weightlng: Material
Page 60 and 61: PackinglUse: This is the labor invo
Page 62 and 63: simple, to facilitate easy and fast
Page 64 and 65: chemically treated fibers is NOT RE
Page 66 and 67: Cost Comparlson: Compare the estima
Page 68 and 69: 7.4 Life-Cycle Inventory 7.4.1 Over
Page 70 and 71: 7.5.1 .I Resources: Corrugated cont
Page 72 and 73: ... Again, industry figures are una
Page 74 and 75: Alr Emlsslons: The industry ranges
Page 76 and 77: 4 Environmental Packaging Guldellne
Page 78 and 79: The introduction of a non-standard
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68 Environmental Packanino liiiidol
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In the meantime. until these quanti
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use of new or different types of lo
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74 Envlronmantal Packaging Guidelin
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Packaging Packaging Digest 650 S. C
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Earthworm (recycling programs) 186
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Semicycle (IC tubes, etc. recycling
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BALER a machine used to compress re
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COLLECTOR PARTICULATE Types: BAG-FI
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DIOXIN I. General term applied to a
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were mixed with the combustible mat
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HEAVY-MEDIA SEPARATOR a unit proces
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with the holocellulose which makes
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ORGANOCHLORINES term for over 300 c
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PUTRESCIBLE organic matter capable
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.. REPALLETIZATION the transfer of
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~ use of rubber tires as dock bumpe
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~~ (7) SOURCE SEPARATED RECYCLABLES
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stock when it has been graded and b
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