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7.4 Life-Cycle Inventory 7.4.1 Overview Industry and government are beginning to develop Life Cycle Inventory (LCI) as a tool for guiding environmental decisions. This method of inventory assesses every step in a product or package life cycle from sourcing of materials through manufacturing, transportation, use, and disposal. The LCI attempts to qualify and quantify the environmental impacts of all phases of the life cycle of a product or package, from “cradle-to-grave.” These impacts may include the following: a. Resources I) Raw Materials renewable vs. nonrenewable recycled content vs. virgin - ecosystem impacts of extraction energylwater impacts of extraction b. Manufacturing 1) Energy requirement 2) Water Effluent 3) Air Emissions 4) Hazardous Waste 5) Solid Waste (from manufacturing) c. Packaging Material Usage 1) Transportation impacts energy requirements - pollution effects 2) Impacts - energylwater requirements toxic exposures pollution generation 3) Disposition re-use recycling - incineration landfiiling 7.4.2 Problems and Challenges of Life-Cycle Inventory 7.4.2.1 Manufacturlng Process: There are many ways to manufacture the same material, some manufacturers practice environmental stewardship and take steps to minimize their Impact to the envi- ronment, while others do not. A specific material may have a wide range of data depending on the manufacturing process, which makes it very difficult to compare the data to other materials. 7.4.2.2 Making Data Avallable: Current manufacturing data used in LCls is offen proprietary and access to it is limited. Proprietary treatment of this information is likely to hinder the development of common databases for use in future LCI. 56 Environmental Packaaina <strong>Guidelines</strong>
7.4.2.3 Establlshlng Standards and <strong>Guidelines</strong>: Until guidelines for Life-Cycle Inventory are drawn, packaging professionals will have to cope with data disparities cited above. The €PA IS working to define life-cycle impacts, and expects to publish its guidelines by 1993. Other trade groups, corporations. and consulting firms are also working toward setting parameters for LCI. In any case. most experts agree that Life-Cycle Inventory must be viewed as only one of many tools for environmental decision making and will not provide the only information required to make material selection decisions. 7.4.2.4 Resources For Llfe-Cycle Inventory Asslstance: The following groups can provide specific Life-Cycle Inventories for the materials you plan on using and/or offer help in decision making and alternatives: Battelle Columbus Division SETAC 505 Klng Ave. I010 North 12th Ave. Columbus, OH 43201 Pensacola, FL 32501 614-424-6424 904-469-1 500 Environmental Defense Fund 257 Park Avenue South New York. N.Y. 10010 212-505-2100 510-832-1415 Franklin Associates, Ltd 4121 West 83rd St, Suite 108 Prarle Village, Kansas 66208 913-649-2225 Blue Angel c/o RAL. Deutsches lnstitut fur Gutesicherung und Kennzelchnung Bornheimer Strasse D-5300 Bonn 1, GERMANY (49) 228-726-140 Green Cross Certification 1611 Telegraph Ave., Suite Ill1 Oakland, California 94612-2113 Green Seal 1075 Connecticut Ave., NW Suite 300A Washington, DC 20009 Roy F. Weston, Inc. Building 5-2 I Weston Way Westchester, PA 19380 215-344-3636 7.5 Examples of Environmental Impact Analysis This section presents general overviews of environmental impacts of three of the industry's commonly used materials: corrugated fiber board, polystyrene and polyethylene foam. We present this general information in a life-cycle framework, but with no claims to comprehensive formal life-cycle invento- rying and analysis. This information is offered only to show the complexity and problems with trying to compare one material with another (i.e. inconsistent units of measure). 7.5.1 Environmental Impact of Corrugated Fiberboard Corrugated fiber board is the primary material commonly used in electronics package designs. The U.S. produced 40,332,000 tons of corrugated material in 1991, a 3% increase over the previous year. Paper mills use wood chips from fast growing, 25-45 years, soflwood trees (sofl pines and firs). Lite Cycle Assessment 57
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Electronic Products, Parts and Supp
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About this book This book has been
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How to use this manual online ' Thi
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. Contents About thls book ........
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6.3.3 Evaluation Process for Reusab
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1 .O Environmental Packaging Design
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1.6 IBM Corporate Environmental Pol
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Page 21 and 22: 2.0 Ozone Depleting Substances 2.1
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Page 27 and 28: 3.3 Heavy Metals in Inks 3. Specify
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Page 31 and 32: Table 4 (Pam 1 of 2). Toxins in Pla
Page 33 and 34: 3.4.4 Recommendations It is recomme
Page 35 and 36: ' 4.0 Recycling 4.1 Introduction 4.
Page 37 and 38: 4.3 Recycling and the Economy other
Page 39 and 40: 4.6 Wooden materials Muff/-Meterla/
Page 41 and 42: Mlxed Paper: Mixed papers are gener
Page 43 and 44: 4.7.8 Guidelines for Recycled Fiber
Page 45 and 46: If part-specific artwork has not be
Page 47 and 48: Secondary applications for C0n"ngle
Page 49 and 50: of imprinting is preferred as this
Page 51: 2. Seat cushions 3. Tractor seats U
Page 54 and 55: 4.10.5 Recommendations Degradable a
Page 56 and 57: Compostabla: Unqualified claims of
Page 58 and 59: Material light-Weightlng: Material
Page 60 and 61: PackinglUse: This is the labor invo
Page 62 and 63: simple, to facilitate easy and fast
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Page 66 and 67: Cost Comparlson: Compare the estima
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Page 72 and 73: ... Again, industry figures are una
Page 74 and 75: Alr Emlsslons: The industry ranges
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Page 82 and 83: In the meantime. until these quanti
Page 84 and 85: use of new or different types of lo
Page 86 and 87: 74 Envlronmantal Packaging Guidelin
Page 88 and 89: Packaging Packaging Digest 650 S. C
Page 90 and 91: Earthworm (recycling programs) 186
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Page 94 and 95: BALER a machine used to compress re
Page 96 and 97: COLLECTOR PARTICULATE Types: BAG-FI
Page 98 and 99: DIOXIN I. General term applied to a
Page 100 and 101: were mixed with the combustible mat
Page 102 and 103: HEAVY-MEDIA SEPARATOR a unit proces
Page 104 and 105: with the holocellulose which makes
Page 106 and 107: ORGANOCHLORINES term for over 300 c
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Page 110 and 111: .. REPALLETIZATION the transfer of
Page 112 and 113: ~ use of rubber tires as dock bumpe
Page 114 and 115: ~~ (7) SOURCE SEPARATED RECYCLABLES
Page 116 and 117: stock when it has been graded and b
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