the cynipoid genus paramblynotus - American Museum of Natural ...

14 BULLETIN AMERICAN MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY NO. 304
Fig. 12. Strict consensus tree over all islands of shortest trees. Terminals labeled with a species name
are single species, and terminals with a capital letter represent two species. Triangles at the ends of
internodes and on internodes represent monophyletic clades with three or more species and polytomy,
respectively. The size of the triangles roughly reflects the number of species involved. Species involved in
these clades or polytomies are listed in appendix 1. The monophyletic clades and polytomies are
represented by the same capital letters in figures 5–7 and 9–12.
into supposedly monophyletic species groups,
and his groupings are partly supported by the
present study. However, there are also some
major differences necessitating changes. Based
on the phylogeny of the present study (fig.
14), we divide the genus into seven monophyletic
species groups, that is, the virginianus,
scaber, yangambicolus, nigricornis, apeosus,
ruficollis, and punctulatus groups.
A sister relationship between the only
North American species P. virginianus and
the remaining species of the genus is supported
by a majority (77%) of all shortest
trees, and thus a monotypic virginianus group
is created to accommodate P. virginianus.
The scaber group, consisting primarily of
species from the Far East, is the next most
basal clade of Paramblynotus. This group is
basically the same as Ronquist (1995a) proposed.
The monophyly of the scaber group is
supported by 73% of the shortest trees. The
monophyly of the remaining species of the
genus, as proposed by Ronquist (1995a), is
supported by the present analysis (100% of
the shortest trees). Other Ronquist (1995a)
groups that are also supported by the present
analysis include the borneanus group (64%),
the punctulatus group (except three outliers)
(72%), the zonatus group (100%), the trisetosus
group (100%), and the suggested clade
comprising the zonatus and ruficollis groups
(100%).
As discussed above, the African species
form a monophyletic clade in the present
analysis. This means that the borneanus,
punctulatus, and trisetosus groups, suggested
by Ronquist (1995a) to be closely related, do
not form a monophyletic group. Species of
Decellea sensu Ronquist forms the welldefined,
monophyletic yangambicolus group,
which is the sister group to all other species
within the African clade. Although all the
African species could have been combined in
a single species group, the yangambicolus
group is separated here because they are
morphologically distinct. Its sister clade
includes all the species of Ronquist’s
(1995a) groups trisetosus and nigricornis,
and an additional newly discovered species,
P. prinslooi, at the base of the clade. The
nigricornis group sensu Ronquist consists of
two monophyletic clades that are paraphy-