the cynipoid genus paramblynotus - American Museum of Natural ...

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30 BULLETIN AMERICAN MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY NO. 304 Fig. 21. Suggested ages of major splits in the phylogeny of the Mayrellinae. Ages in bold type are based on the present study, and those in normal font are based on Ronquist (1995a). ‘‘,.’’ represents tectonic split or formation of other geological barrier. 1995a). Therefore, it seems likely that the split between the Mayrellinae and its sister clade is the result of the breakup of Pangaea into Laurasia and Gondwana in the Middle to Late Jurassic (ca. 180–145 Ma). REVISION OF THE GENUS PARAMBLYNOTUS THE GENUS PARAMBLYNOTUS CAMERON, 1908 Paramblynotus Cameron, 1908: 299. Type species Paramblynotus punctulatus Cameron by subsequent designation (Rohwer and Fagan, 1917: 372). Paraegilips Kieffer, 1910b: 335. Type species Paraegilips reticulata Kieffer by monotypy. Synonymized with Paramblynotus by Hedicke (in Hedicke and Kerrich 1940: 179); resurrected as a valid genus by Weld (1952: 164). Synonymy reestablished by Ronquist (1995). Allocynips Kieffer, 1914: 185. Type species Allocynips ruficeps Kieffer (5 Paramblynotus ruficollis Cameron) by original designation and monotypy. Synonymized with Paramblynotus by Weld (1930: 137). Holocynips Kieffer, 1916: 284. Type species Holocynips nigra Kieffer by original designation and monotypy. Synonymized with Paraegilips by Weld (1952: 164). Preoccupied by Holocynips Kieffer, 1910a: 114. Synonymized with Paramblynotus by Ronquist (1995). Diholocynips Rohwer and Fagan, 1917: 365. Replacement name for Holocynips Kieffer, 1916 nec Kieffer, 1910a. Mayrella Hedicke, 1922: 190. Type species Mayrella formosana Hedicke by monotypy. Synonymized with Paramblynotus by Weld (1952:158). Paribalia Weld, 1922: 325. Type species Paribalia borneana Weld by monotypy. Synonymized with Paramblynotus by Ronquist (1995). Stylobrachys Belizin, 1951: 572. Type species Stylobrachys scaber Belizin by original designation and monotypy. Synonymized with Paramblynotus by Kovalev (1994: 414). Baviana Barbotin, 1954: 125. Type species Baviana ferruginea Barbotin by original designation and monotypy. Synonymized with Paramblynotus by Weld (1962: 279). Decellea Benoit, 1956: 51. Type species Decellea yangambicola Benoit by original designation and monotypy. Synonymized with Paramblynotus by Weld (1962: 279), and status reestablished by Ronquist (1995). SYNONYMY REESTABLISHED.
2007 LIU ET AL.: REVISION OF PARAMBLYNOTUS (HYMENOPTERA) 31 DESCRIPTION: 1.4–10.0 mm. Head.Lower face more or less distinctly foveate/ foveolate-reticulate to rugulose, with or without smaller punctures; not keeled medially or, in some species of of punctulatus group, with a lamellate median keel (see fig. 5). Median frontal carina usually distinct, not raised to distinctly raised to form a blunt, pyramidal or triangular, lamellate or oval, and dorsally flattened process; the carina is indistinct or almost absent in some species of the ruficollis group. Ocellar plate distinctly raised, occasionally indistinctly raised or not discernible. Antennal scrobes indistinctly or distinctly impressed, occasionally not impressed, glabrate with punctures or foveolate, and sometimes with secondary striation. Lateral frontal carina present or absent. Vertex foveate to foveate-areolate; or rugose; occasionally also with some longitudinal costulae; distinctly concave posteriorly, or (in P. prinslooi) longitudinally compressed and slightly concave posteriorly. Occiput glabrous or vertically strigate (in some species of punctulatus group). Gena glabrous or more or less superficially sculptured, foveate to rugose, occasionally also coriarious; with or without smaller punctures. Occipital carina not angled midlaterally or occasionally weakly angled; not raised or sometimes slightly raised throughout. Malar space distinctly impressed beneath eye or occasionally only slightly so. Clypeus usually glabrate ventrally; glabrate, foveolate to foveate, punctate, foveolate-punctate or rugulose dorsally and medially; with or without some longitudinal strigae; distinctly projecting ventrally; ventral margin straight or slightly incised, occasionally slightly acute. Foveae and punctures on face, gena, and vertex always setigerous, as true also for foveae and punctures of thoracic parts. Female antenna. Flagellum with 11 articles, occasionally with 10; not widened or somewhat widened toward apex; in P. yangambicolus and P. alveolatus distinctly widened and compressed toward apex. F1/F2 5 0.7–1.2; F3 usually long, occasionally shorter, l/w 5 1.5–3.0. Placodes start on F1, occasionally on F2. Placodes usually dense and cover entire surface of last flagellomere, but can be sparse occasionally (in some species in the scaber, nigricornis, and ruficollis groups). Male antenna. Flagellum with 12 articles, occasionally with 13 articles. F1/F2 5 0.7– 1.0; F3 l/w 5 2.5–4.1. In the Neotropical species of the ruficollis group and trisetosus group F1 distinctly swollen and excavated laterally; excavated area glabrate, nude, and without placodes. Pronotum. Anterior flange glabrate, punctate, transversely striolate or longitudinally strigate. Submedian depressions large, deep, open laterally; medially usually more or less connected, but occasionally isolated from each other (see figs. 6, 7). Anterior plate usually glabrous to glabrate and dorsally punctate, or entirely foveolate. Lateral surface foveate, foveate-reticulate, or foveateareolate, occasionally alveolate; with or without smaller punctures; sometimes with secondary longitudinal carinae. Crest either (1) prominently triangularly raised medially, (2) raised medially to form a more or less distinct triangular process, (3) raised into two separate, submedian, triangular processes, or (4) only slightly raised medially, evenly curved; with or without median emargination. Dorsal pronotal area coriarious, colliculate, or glabrate; secluded or open posteriorly. Mesonotum. Scutum either with foveae and transverse, slightly, but distinctly undulating costae, or entirely distinctly foveate with only indicated or no transverse ridges, or occasionally foveate. Median mesoscutal impression only indicated posteriorly. Notaulus distinct to indistinct; with or without a large depression anteriorly. Parascutal carina conspicuously raised, angulate or slightly produced posteriorly; or not raised, rounded posteriorly. Scuto-scutellar sulcus divided into two foveae by strong median carina, sometimes divided by additional, more or less strong carinae into four or more foveae (ruficollis group and several species of trisetosus group). Axillula in some species with conspicuous white or yellow pubescence. Dorsal surface of mesoscutellum flat, or somewhat inclined posteriorly with a posterior vertical surface, or strongly inclined posteriorly without a vertical surface; foveate-areolate to slightly asperous, ocassionally foveate; laterally and posteriorly margined or not; occassionally projected posteriorly into a short process, with or without a posterior emargination. Lateral and posterior surfaces
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