the cynipoid genus paramblynotus - American Museum of Natural ...

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14 BULLETIN AMERICAN MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY NO. 304 Fig. 12. Strict consensus tree over all islands of shortest trees. Terminals labeled with a species name are single species, and terminals with a capital letter represent two species. Triangles at the ends of internodes and on internodes represent monophyletic clades with three or more species and polytomy, respectively. The size of the triangles roughly reflects the number of species involved. Species involved in these clades or polytomies are listed in appendix 1. The monophyletic clades and polytomies are represented by the same capital letters in figures 5–7 and 9–12. into supposedly monophyletic species groups, and his groupings are partly supported by the present study. However, there are also some major differences necessitating changes. Based on the phylogeny of the present study (fig. 14), we divide the genus into seven monophyletic species groups, that is, the virginianus, scaber, yangambicolus, nigricornis, apeosus, ruficollis, and punctulatus groups. A sister relationship between the only North American species P. virginianus and the remaining species of the genus is supported by a majority (77%) of all shortest trees, and thus a monotypic virginianus group is created to accommodate P. virginianus. The scaber group, consisting primarily of species from the Far East, is the next most basal clade of Paramblynotus. This group is basically the same as Ronquist (1995a) proposed. The monophyly of the scaber group is supported by 73% of the shortest trees. The monophyly of the remaining species of the genus, as proposed by Ronquist (1995a), is supported by the present analysis (100% of the shortest trees). Other Ronquist (1995a) groups that are also supported by the present analysis include the borneanus group (64%), the punctulatus group (except three outliers) (72%), the zonatus group (100%), the trisetosus group (100%), and the suggested clade comprising the zonatus and ruficollis groups (100%). As discussed above, the African species form a monophyletic clade in the present analysis. This means that the borneanus, punctulatus, and trisetosus groups, suggested by Ronquist (1995a) to be closely related, do not form a monophyletic group. Species of Decellea sensu Ronquist forms the welldefined, monophyletic yangambicolus group, which is the sister group to all other species within the African clade. Although all the African species could have been combined in a single species group, the yangambicolus group is separated here because they are morphologically distinct. Its sister clade includes all the species of Ronquist’s (1995a) groups trisetosus and nigricornis, and an additional newly discovered species, P. prinslooi, at the base of the clade. The nigricornis group sensu Ronquist consists of two monophyletic clades that are paraphy-
2007 LIU ET AL.: REVISION OF PARAMBLYNOTUS (HYMENOPTERA) 15 Fig. 13. Strict consensus tree of the shortest tree island types: A, type I; B, typeII;C, typeIII;andD, typeIV.
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