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Wong, I.G., W.J. Silva, J. Bott, D. Wright, P. Thomas, N. Gregor, S. Li, M Mabey, A. Sojourner, and Y. Wang. (2000). “Earthquake Scenario and Probabilistic Ground Shaking Maps for the Portland, Oregon, Metropolitan Area.” IMS-16, Interpretive Map Series, Oregon Department of Geology and Mineral Industries, Portland, OR. Yang, D.S. (1999). “Deformation-Based Seismic Design Models for Waterfront Structures,” Doctoral Dissertation in Civil, Construction and Environmental Engineering, Oregon State University, Corvallis. 260 p. Yasuda, F., A. Nanjoh, and K. Kosa. (1997). “Investigation and Checking of Load Bearing Capacity of Damaged Piles,” Proc. of the 3rd Kansai International Geotechnical Forum on Comparative Geotechnical Engineering (KIG-Forum '97), Kobe, January, Publ. by the Kansai Branch of the Japanese Geotechnical Society. pp. 249-257. Yasuda, S., K. Ishihara, K. Harada, N. Shinkawa. (1996). “Effect of Soil Improvement on Ground Subsidence Due to Liquefaction,” Soils and Foundations – Special Issue on Geotechnical Aspects of the January 17, 1995 Hyogoken-Nambu Earthquake, Japanese Geotechnical Society. pp. 99-107. Yegian, M.K., E.A. Marciano and V.G. Ghahraman. (1991). “Earthquake-Induced Permanent Deformations: Probabilistic Approach,” Journal of Geotechnical Engineering 117(1):35-50. Youd, T.L. (1972). “Compaction of Sands by Repeated Shear Straining,” Journal of the Soil Mechanics and Foundation Division 98(SM7):709-725. Youd, T.L. (1991). “Mapping of Earthquake-Induced Liquefaction For Seismic Zonation,” Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Seismic Zonation, Earthquake Engineering Research Institute, Stanford, CA. pp. 112-147. Youd, T.L. (1993). “Liquefaction-Induced Damage to Bridges,” Transportation Research Record 1411, Transportation Research Board, National Research Council, Washington, D.C. pp. 35-41. Youd, T.L. (1998). “Screening Guide for Rapid Assessment of Liquefaction Hazard at Highway Bridge Sites,” Multidisciplinary Center for Earthquake Engineering Research, Technical Report MCEER-98-0005. 58 p. Youd, T.L. and C.T. Garris. (1995). “Liquefaction-Induced Ground-Surface Disruption”, Journal of Geotechnical Engineering 121(11):805-809. Youd, T.L. and S.N. Hoose. (1978). “Historic Ground Failures in Northern California Triggered by Earthquakes,” U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 993. 177 p. Youd, T.L. and I.M. Idriss, editors. (1997). “Proceedings of the NCEER Workshop on Evaluation of Liquefaction Resistance of Soils,” National Center for Earthquake Engineering Research, Technical Report NCEER-97-0022. Salt Lake City, UT. 275 p. 209
Youd, T.L. and C.F. Jones. (1993). “Liquefaction Hazard Maps for the Portland Quadrangle, Oregon,” report for the Oregon Department of Geology and Mineral Industries, Portland, Oregon. 27 p., plus plates. Youd, T.L. and D.M. Perkins. (1987). “Mapping of Liquefaction Severity Index,” Journal of Geotechnical Engineering113(11):1374-1392. Youd, T.L., Hansen, C.M., and Bartlet, S.F.. (1999). “Revised MLR Equations for Predicting Lateral Spread Displacement,” Proceedings of the 7 th U.S.-Japan Workshop on earthquake Resistant Design of Lifeline Facilities and Countermeasures Against Soil Liquefaction, MCEER Technical Report MCEER-99-0019, pp. 99-114. Youngs, R.R., S.J. Chiou, W.J. Silva, and J.R. Humphrey. (1997). “Strong Ground Motion Attenuation Relationships for Subduction Zone Earthquakes,” Seismological Research Letters 68(1):58-73. Yum, K.K.Y. and L. Yan. (1994). “In-situ Measurements of Dynamic Soil Properties and Liquefaction Resistances of Gravelly Soils at Keenleyside Dam,” Ground Failures Under Seismic Conditions, ASCE Geotechnical Special Publication 44:221-240. Zelinski, R., C. Roblee, and T. Shantz. (1995). “Bridge Foundation Remediation Considerations,” Earthquake-Induced Movements and Seismic Remediation of Existing Foundations and Abutments, ASCE Geotechnical Special Publication 55:49-68. 210
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ASSESSMENT AND MITIGATION OF LIQUEF
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ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The authors would l
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ASSESSMENT AND MITIGATION OF LIQUEF
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8.0 HAZARD EVALUATION AND DEVELOPME
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LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1.1: ODOT’
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Figure 8.8: Long Valley Dam and Lak
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Design of a given component shall l
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Liquefaction Mitigation Procedure G
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Pacific Northwest also are summariz
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2.0 OVERVIEW OF LIQUEFACTION-INDUCE
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oughly 50 centimeters, with numerou
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supported bridges along the Seward
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Another area of extensive bridge da
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Nineteen bridges were also damaged
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1. No foundation failures were obse
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piles supporting the fourth pier, l
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Figure 2.17: Observed Pile Deformat
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Figure 2.19: Damage from the 1906 S
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Figure 2.22: Ground Deformations Ne
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induced ground displacement was the
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Well-documented case histories of t
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Similar damage to pile foundations
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Examples of acceptable bridge found
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Numerous investigations of liquefac
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3.0 EVALUATION OF LIQUEFACTION SUSC
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The evaluation of liquefaction haza
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Table 3.1: Estimated Susceptibility
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movements, or localized ground disp
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Shear wave velocities can now be ob
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3.4 LIQUEFACTION RESISTANCE: EMPIRI
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Figure 3.1: Range of r d Values for
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The earthquake-induced shearing str
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drill rod during hammer impact. In
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Figure 3.5: Minimum Values for K σ
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3.4.2.2.1 CPT Method Developed by R
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1. Sensitive, fine grained 6. Sands
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Figure 3.9: CPT-Based Curves for Va
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CRR where: q c 2 3 0.00128 0.0
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Tacoma, Washington (Dickenson and B
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Table 3.8: Influence of OCR on the
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Figure 3.13: Influence of Fines Con
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Gravel Sand Figure 3.16: Relationsh
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FS L > 1.4: Excess pore pressure ge
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The post-liquefaction strength of s
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Figure 4.3: Undrained Critical Stre
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4.3 INTRODUCTION TO MODES OF FAILUR
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Figure 4.5: (a) Relationship betwee
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not available for many case studies
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provided to give the recommended ra
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Figure 4.8: Overview of EPOLLS Mode
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Figure 4.10: Model of Hypothetical
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4.5.2 Advanced Numerical Modeling o
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Figure 4.12: Post Volumetric Shear
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The relationship shown in Figure 4.
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A third type of failure is shown in
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Table 5.1: Liquefaction Remediation
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5.3 DESIGN OF SOIL MITIGATION The d
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soil improvement guidelines state t
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The models were instrumented with a
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The model uses an explicit method,
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A simplification was made in the mo
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permanent earthquake displacements)
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7.0 DEFORMATION ANALYSIS OF EMBANKM
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engineers; (2) requisite input incl
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π g 2 a t I a 2 dt (7-1) The A
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10 1 Bracketed Intensity (m/s) 0.1
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7.3 PARAMETRIC STUDY A well-validat
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the rigid body methods. The point a
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0.4 Acceleration (g) 0.2 0 -0.2 -0.
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Embankment Height (m) Depth of Liqu
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10 1 DISPLACEMENT (m) 0.1 Morgan Hi
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2.0 Embankment Toe Embankment Mid-S
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suitably reliable estimates of perm
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interest. Specifically, the peak be
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Flow Chart for Evaluation and Mitig
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The deformation evaluations were pe
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Portland (a) (b) Figure 8.2: Illust
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Figure 8.4: Contours of PGA on Rock
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Borehole 4E CPT Hole 4E 26.0' NGVD
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8.4.2 Subduction Zone Bedrock Motio
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154 Table 8.5: Selected Acceleratio
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Spectral Acceleration (g) 1.50 1.40
Page 171 and 172: with the calculated equivalent unif
Page 173 and 174: n ( M 10 1) (8-1) where M is the
Page 175 and 176: 0.20 0.15 0.10 Acceleration (g) 0.0
Page 177 and 178: 15.0 12.5 10.0 Long Valley Dam Lake
Page 179 and 180: CSR should be modified for the pres
Page 181 and 182: 8.7 EVALUATION OF INITIATION OF LIQ
Page 183 and 184: crest stage Marine Drive 42.5 ft NG
Page 185 and 186: Table 8.9: Fines Content Values Est
Page 187 and 188: large sliding and long-term disrupt
Page 189 and 190: Table 8.12: Deformation Results fro
Page 191 and 192: The earthquake time histories used
Page 193 and 194: North (river) South (land) North To
Page 195 and 196: Table 8.20: Riverward Deformation R
Page 197 and 198: applications (DDC, closely spaced v
Page 199 and 200: Table 8.21: Comparison of Predicted
Page 202 and 203: 9.0 SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS Recent
Page 204: dewatering may be warranted. Additi
Page 207 and 208: Bardet, J.P. (1990). “LINOS - A N
Page 209 and 210: California Division of Mines and Ge
Page 211 and 212: Fujii, S., M. Cubrinovski, K. Tokim
Page 213 and 214: Ishihara, K. and M. Cubrinovski. (1
Page 215 and 216: Liu, A.H. and J.P. Stewart. (1999).
Page 217 and 218: Oregon Department of Transportation
Page 219 and 220: Schnabel, P., J. Lysmer, and H.B. S
Page 221: Sun, I.H. and I.M. Idriss. (1992).
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