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Review of Digital SAR Processors 34 3.1 SAR Geornetly arcl Geleral Principles . . . 34 3.2 Conventional Approach ...... 41 3,2.1 Nfatched Filter ......41 3,2.2 Dopplel Phase History . . . 49 3.2.3 Conventional Digital SAR Plocessols ..... 56 Theoretical Development 64 4.1 Backglouncl Revierv . ... 64 4.2 Review of Born Invelsion Applicatiol . . . . 67 4.3 Forrvald Folmulation for SAR Configuration . . . . . 7l 4.4 The Inversion ...... 78 4.5 Fulther Focusing ..... 83 Numerical Algolithm and Image Formation 85 5.1 Algorithrn Features .... 85 l¡.2 Digital Simulation. ...... 90 5.3 Processing of Real SARData ......102 SAR frnage Enhancernent for Geological Application tL4 6.1 Introcluction ...114 6.2 Determination of Geological Structures Using Raclon Tlansfounll8 6.2,1 Intlocluction ...118 6,2,2 Radon Trausforn Analysis of Lineatnents . . . 119 6.2.3 Corlelatiol Using The Radon Tlansfour . . . . . 137 6.3 Melging of Multiple SAR Image Data Sets . . . . . 151 v.nl
6.3.1 Introduction ..151 6.3.2 Digital hnage Adctition ancl Sul¡traction . . .152 6.3.3 Dilectiolal Derivative Approach . . . 158 6.3.4 Plincipal Components Analysis . . . 163 7 Conclusions L7l Appendices 774 A. Delivation of Forlvald FolmuÌa ,,..,,,174 B. Delivation of Invelsion Formula ......176 C. Delivatiori using the Method of Stationary Phase . . . . . . 178 References 180
Page 1 and 2: INVERSION OF SYNTHETIC APERTUR,E R,
Page 3 and 4: ñr^-- ltoN. J00NG suN '¿i¡r"r os
Page 5 and 6: I heleby declale that I am tlie sol
Page 7 and 8: plot of the maximum amplitude of th
Page 9: Contents Abstract Acknowledgements
Page 13 and 14: 5.1 Florv chart fot the proposecl i
Page 15 and 16: List of Tables 2,1 Seasat SAR senso
Page 17 and 18: List of Notations cr squint angle P
Page 19 and 20: tist of Abbreviatíons SAR Syntheti
Page 21 and 22: The objectives of this thesis rnay
Page 23 and 24: Ground Range l;l 2 sin0 Figure 1.2:
Page 25 and 26: ol'cler to evaluate its full aclvan
Page 27 and 28: algolithrn extlacts the complex bac
Page 29 and 30: successful as expected. Thele ale,
Page 31 and 32: eú ø1. [103]). Similal clevelopme
Page 33 and 34: aerial plìotogl'aphy ovel the area
Page 35 and 36: 2.2 Spaceborne SAR Systems 1) SEASA
Page 37 and 38: tlie basis of a distinctive dlainag
Page 39 and 40: set fol selectecl aleas, useful for
Page 41 and 42: 3) ERS-I The first European rernote
Page 43 and 44: Table 2.4: ERS-I Ðieterle [104]).
Page 45 and 46: Table 2.6: ERS-1 SAR pelfolmance re
Page 47 and 48: Table 2.7: JtrRS-1 olbit pararnetel
Page 49 and 50: Table 2.9: Chalactelistics of OPS o
Page 51 and 52: Table 2.11: Specifications of Racla
Page 53 and 54: Chapten 3 Review of Digital SAR Pro
Page 55 and 56: ,I Figule 3.1: Raclar' L¡earn geom
Page 57 and 58: I L-=J}"no Figure 3.2: Geouretry fo
Page 59 and 60: vhich is the clistance across the a
Page 61 and 62:
vlrere ø6 is a angular center fi'e
Page 63 and 64:
à1 äl (a) /1T. or^l - r+ (b) I à
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a,pploxirnated by l2p sinl(I - ltl)
Page 67 and 68:
-s(cu) is rewlitten as s@¡ - !"-,r
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cliscussecl later il this sectio¡r
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Ïon = _2 (V(ro) .V(¿o)+ R(ro) .A(
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: Range Walk : Range Curvatule : Ra
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olbital SAR is given by Ion = -'#{t
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is constant cluling the receiving p
Page 79 and 80:
a at f¡r
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'rvith a foulula developed il this
Page 83 and 84:
Chapter 4 Theoretical Development 4
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developed and cliscussed by several
Page 87 and 88:
vhere u (r,ro; u) : I U 1r,ro,t)e-i
Page 89 and 90:
wheÌe k':frf a¡cl lc -_ uf us ant
Page 91 and 92:
4) there is relative motion of ante
Page 93 and 94:
o =løo, 0, 0) Figure 4.1: Schemati
Page 95 and 96:
elorv that sulface. In genetal, sul
Page 97 and 98:
4.4 The Inversion The equation Eq.(
Page 99 and 100:
*'here % is a platfolrn velocity an
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The trq.(a.36) cannot be used dilec
Page 103 and 104:
vhele Àl is a tvavenurnbel collesp
Page 105 and 106:
2-D FFT o(,b,;ø) Intelpolation in
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¡nE 0$r-sEc, ¡3 I IrlÊ [18- 5EC
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5.2 Digital Simulation Digital sirn
Page 111 and 112:
Table 5.2: Moclel palametels fol di
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signal and the leconstructe
Page 115 and 116:
(3 È. e tc o) o -tl a Slant Range
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that the inversiol method can accor
Page 119 and 120:
(n t0 Ê) 0c (lr) Figure 5.6: Seasa
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5.3 Processing of Real SAR Data A s
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squâre pixel rvith clir¡ension of
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Aziurutì (n Þ !d !D gc Figule 5.1
Page 127 and 128:
(n 5 F Þ tq Figu.e 5.11: Reconst.u
Page 129 and 130:
over tlìe 2.4 inches as shol¡l i'
Page 131 and 132:
Ø Þ :J m (a) (b) ^a ctl _= a"r ro
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Chapter 6 SAR fmage Enhancement for
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1) hoiv can the tlends of lineament
Page 137 and 138:
6.2 Determination of Geological Str
Page 139 and 140:
Coolclinates for the image space an
Page 141 and 142:
Figure 6.2: Point, lines, and hyper
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scatteter (e.g. coller leflectols,
Page 145 and 146:
Figure 6.5: CCRS's airboure C-band
Page 147 and 148:
C-l¡ancl SAR irnagery ovel this al
Page 149 and 150:
Figure 6.8: Radon transform of ailb
Page 151 and 152:
in the irnage space ancl the Iine i
Page 153 and 154:
ERS- 1 N U 0 rl 0o |lO + ,¡l r.l p
Page 156 and 157:
6.2,3 Correlation Using The Radon T
Page 158 and 159:
Since the inside of the squale blac
Page 160 and 161:
Figule 6.12: Model test for correla
Page 162 and 163:
thlough the Radon tlansfolm is shor
Page 164 and 165:
Figure 6.15: Airborne C-band SAR da
Page 166 and 167:
distinct points can be cliscelnerl
Page 168 and 169:
Figure 6.18: Correlation output thr
Page 170 and 171:
6.3 Merging of Multiple SAR Image D
Page 172 and 173:
in Figure 6.19 tvhich is a clilect
Page 174 and 175:
Figure 6.20: Additive irnages rvith
Page 176 and 177:
Figule 6.22: Subtractive images rvi
Page 178 and 179:
(1) select a clirection to be enhan
Page 180 and 181:
Figure 6.24: Lnage obtained through
Page 182:
6.3.4 Principal Components Analysis
Page 185 and 186:
Table 6.2: Con'elation coeffrcielt
Page 187 and 188:
Figure 6.27: The PCA frrst componen
Page 189 and 190:
the geological surface lilearrent f
Page 191 and 192:
ackscatte.i'g coefficiert can be cl
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Appendices A. Derivation of Forward
Page 195 and 196:
B. Derivation of Inversion Formula
Page 197 and 198:
C. Derivation using the Method of S
Page 199 and 200:
F[eferences [1] Ahmed, S., \Vallen,
Page 201 and 202:
[20] Curlis, J.D,, Flost, V.S., Del
Page 203 and 204:
[43] Holn, R., 1988, E-SAR - The ex
Page 205 and 206:
[65] Lotrelrl, O., 1990, Dopplel ce
Page 207 and 208:
[87] Pye, 8.G., Nalch'ett,4.J., anc
Page 209:
[111] \,Vu, C., Balkan,8., I(arplus
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