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gested that at least trvo look dilections be rnandatory in any SAR application ploject for geologic investigation. It thelefore becornes impoltant to investigate techniques that car cornbine rnultiple SAR data sets fol optiururr geologic iltelpretation. Lnage enhancernent study fol geological applicatiol of SAR data in this thesis is focused on two sub-objectives: 1) 2) development of a Radon tlansfolrn technique fol deteulinirg clominant tlends in geological lineaments; alcl investigation of rnerging of trvo or more SAR irnage clata into one digital irnage to leduce tlie radar looh bias and consequently to enhance geological features in the resulting image. This tliesis stlesses SAR data application developrnent il a geologic context lather than geologic interpretation itself of the test areas. To cletelmine clominant lilealnent tlelcls in a SAR image, a plot of the maxirnuùl ânplitude of the Radon tlansform versus slope is founcl to be vely useful. An experiment is carliecl out using a set of the CCRS's airborne C- SAR ancl the ERS-1 SAR clata ovel the Sudbuly Basin. It is demonstrated that clomillant tlends in sulface linearnents can be rvell alalyzed thlough the Raclon transfomr approacli. The efiect of a raclar look clirection l¡ias is also rvell cletermined by this plot. Corlelation using Raclon transforrn is also ilvestigatecl to evaluate rvhether tlie technique rvoulcl be useful fol discrirninating certain geologic stluctures in a giveu SAR image. Experiments rvith aill¡olne C-SAR clata froln the Wekusko Lake test aLea were not as
successful as expected. Thele ale, horvever', some indication that corlelation using the Raclon tlansforrn technique, rvhen colnbined *'ith certain scleening pLocesses in the Radon transfolmed space, can be al effective alterliative to colrelation using the Fouriel transform approach. Melging of two or more SAR clata sets rvas expelirnentecl rvith and investigated in thlee clifferent approaches: 1) sirrple acldiiion or subtlaction, 2) clilectional delivative folloivecl by subtraction, ancl 3) the principal coraponents analysis (PCA) approacli. Each test is carried out rvith the CCRS's airborne C-SAR and the ERS- 1 SAR clata over the Suclbury Basin test alea. It has been lealned fi'om these expelimelts that the PCA technique is the most efective among three approaches. At least three data sets are required to efectively enhance lineamelts in the resulting PCA image if correlation l¡etween two original data sets is low. 10
Page 1 and 2: INVERSION OF SYNTHETIC APERTUR,E R,
Page 3 and 4: ñr^-- ltoN. J00NG suN '¿i¡r"r os
Page 5 and 6: I heleby declale that I am tlie sol
Page 7 and 8: plot of the maximum amplitude of th
Page 9 and 10: Contents Abstract Acknowledgements
Page 11 and 12: 6.3.1 Introduction ..151 6.3.2 Digi
Page 13 and 14: 5.1 Florv chart fot the proposecl i
Page 15 and 16: List of Tables 2,1 Seasat SAR senso
Page 17 and 18: List of Notations cr squint angle P
Page 19 and 20: tist of Abbreviatíons SAR Syntheti
Page 21 and 22: The objectives of this thesis rnay
Page 23 and 24: Ground Range l;l 2 sin0 Figure 1.2:
Page 25 and 26: ol'cler to evaluate its full aclvan
Page 27: algolithrn extlacts the complex bac
Page 31 and 32: eú ø1. [103]). Similal clevelopme
Page 33 and 34: aerial plìotogl'aphy ovel the area
Page 35 and 36: 2.2 Spaceborne SAR Systems 1) SEASA
Page 37 and 38: tlie basis of a distinctive dlainag
Page 39 and 40: set fol selectecl aleas, useful for
Page 41 and 42: 3) ERS-I The first European rernote
Page 43 and 44: Table 2.4: ERS-I Ðieterle [104]).
Page 45 and 46: Table 2.6: ERS-1 SAR pelfolmance re
Page 47 and 48: Table 2.7: JtrRS-1 olbit pararnetel
Page 49 and 50: Table 2.9: Chalactelistics of OPS o
Page 51 and 52: Table 2.11: Specifications of Racla
Page 53 and 54: Chapten 3 Review of Digital SAR Pro
Page 55 and 56: ,I Figule 3.1: Raclar' L¡earn geom
Page 57 and 58: I L-=J}"no Figure 3.2: Geouretry fo
Page 59 and 60: vhich is the clistance across the a
Page 61 and 62: vlrere ø6 is a angular center fi'e
Page 63 and 64: à1 äl (a) /1T. or^l - r+ (b) I à
Page 65 and 66: a,pploxirnated by l2p sinl(I - ltl)
Page 67 and 68: -s(cu) is rewlitten as s@¡ - !"-,r
Page 69 and 70: cliscussecl later il this sectio¡r
Page 71 and 72: Ïon = _2 (V(ro) .V(¿o)+ R(ro) .A(
Page 73 and 74: : Range Walk : Range Curvatule : Ra
Page 75 and 76: olbital SAR is given by Ion = -'#{t
Page 77 and 78: is constant cluling the receiving p
Page 79 and 80:
a at f¡r
Page 81 and 82:
'rvith a foulula developed il this
Page 83 and 84:
Chapter 4 Theoretical Development 4
Page 85 and 86:
developed and cliscussed by several
Page 87 and 88:
vhere u (r,ro; u) : I U 1r,ro,t)e-i
Page 89 and 90:
wheÌe k':frf a¡cl lc -_ uf us ant
Page 91 and 92:
4) there is relative motion of ante
Page 93 and 94:
o =løo, 0, 0) Figure 4.1: Schemati
Page 95 and 96:
elorv that sulface. In genetal, sul
Page 97 and 98:
4.4 The Inversion The equation Eq.(
Page 99 and 100:
*'here % is a platfolrn velocity an
Page 101 and 102:
The trq.(a.36) cannot be used dilec
Page 103 and 104:
vhele Àl is a tvavenurnbel collesp
Page 105 and 106:
2-D FFT o(,b,;ø) Intelpolation in
Page 107 and 108:
¡nE 0$r-sEc, ¡3 I IrlÊ [18- 5EC
Page 109 and 110:
5.2 Digital Simulation Digital sirn
Page 111 and 112:
Table 5.2: Moclel palametels fol di
Page 113 and 114:
signal and the leconstructe
Page 115 and 116:
(3 È. e tc o) o -tl a Slant Range
Page 117 and 118:
that the inversiol method can accor
Page 119 and 120:
(n t0 Ê) 0c (lr) Figure 5.6: Seasa
Page 121 and 122:
5.3 Processing of Real SAR Data A s
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squâre pixel rvith clir¡ension of
Page 125 and 126:
Aziurutì (n Þ !d !D gc Figule 5.1
Page 127 and 128:
(n 5 F Þ tq Figu.e 5.11: Reconst.u
Page 129 and 130:
over tlìe 2.4 inches as shol¡l i'
Page 131 and 132:
Ø Þ :J m (a) (b) ^a ctl _= a"r ro
Page 133 and 134:
Chapter 6 SAR fmage Enhancement for
Page 135 and 136:
1) hoiv can the tlends of lineament
Page 137 and 138:
6.2 Determination of Geological Str
Page 139 and 140:
Coolclinates for the image space an
Page 141 and 142:
Figure 6.2: Point, lines, and hyper
Page 143 and 144:
scatteter (e.g. coller leflectols,
Page 145 and 146:
Figure 6.5: CCRS's airboure C-band
Page 147 and 148:
C-l¡ancl SAR irnagery ovel this al
Page 149 and 150:
Figure 6.8: Radon transform of ailb
Page 151 and 152:
in the irnage space ancl the Iine i
Page 153 and 154:
ERS- 1 N U 0 rl 0o |lO + ,¡l r.l p
Page 156 and 157:
6.2,3 Correlation Using The Radon T
Page 158 and 159:
Since the inside of the squale blac
Page 160 and 161:
Figule 6.12: Model test for correla
Page 162 and 163:
thlough the Radon tlansfolm is shor
Page 164 and 165:
Figure 6.15: Airborne C-band SAR da
Page 166 and 167:
distinct points can be cliscelnerl
Page 168 and 169:
Figure 6.18: Correlation output thr
Page 170 and 171:
6.3 Merging of Multiple SAR Image D
Page 172 and 173:
in Figure 6.19 tvhich is a clilect
Page 174 and 175:
Figure 6.20: Additive irnages rvith
Page 176 and 177:
Figule 6.22: Subtractive images rvi
Page 178 and 179:
(1) select a clirection to be enhan
Page 180 and 181:
Figure 6.24: Lnage obtained through
Page 182:
6.3.4 Principal Components Analysis
Page 185 and 186:
Table 6.2: Con'elation coeffrcielt
Page 187 and 188:
Figure 6.27: The PCA frrst componen
Page 189 and 190:
the geological surface lilearrent f
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ackscatte.i'g coefficiert can be cl
Page 193 and 194:
Appendices A. Derivation of Forward
Page 195 and 196:
B. Derivation of Inversion Formula
Page 197 and 198:
C. Derivation using the Method of S
Page 199 and 200:
F[eferences [1] Ahmed, S., \Vallen,
Page 201 and 202:
[20] Curlis, J.D,, Flost, V.S., Del
Page 203 and 204:
[43] Holn, R., 1988, E-SAR - The ex
Page 205 and 206:
[65] Lotrelrl, O., 1990, Dopplel ce
Page 207 and 208:
[87] Pye, 8.G., Nalch'ett,4.J., anc
Page 209:
[111] \,Vu, C., Balkan,8., I(arplus
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