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ecoustluct the irnage, specially at falther ralge. This results may be pa'-tly because of the nature of the naclil mocle configuration and the inhel'ent problem of the far field apploxirnation, ancl partly because of the platforrr velocity changes discussed ir section 4.5. Futthel focusing is necessary in this case. Thus an aclditional focusing process is carried out over. the bottorn half of the test alea. Estiuation of the platfolm i'elocity is fir'st lequiled to propelly ¡relform the focusing plocess of Eq.(a.36). Moleir.a [83] suggested a method to estirnate platform velocity by estirnating two adjacent azirnuth spectla. The changes in platforn velocity ale estirnatecl, using the algolithm described by Moleira [83], at every 64 azirnuth pixels and avelaged over. 16 azirluth lines. After exauing the prelirninary processecl image (Figule 5.10), 512 azimuth pixels wele used as the operatol ivindow lelgth, and 32 pixels at both ends were overlapped witli neighboring tvindorv output. Aftel the fulther focusing, a flnal single-look image in Figule 5,11 is obtained. Noiv point scattelels arid details of the ulban stlucture have l¡ecome clearly visible. The upper half (neal range) of the irnage is still too dalk to be discernible even aftel a lineal histoglam stretching. The glay levels of the subinage of the uppel half rvere lescalecl to make it visible as shown in Figur.e 5.12. Both Figures 5.10 ancl 5.11 rvere plinted on a HP laser plinter. lvhich has a 150 ppi (point per inch) r'esolution. The resolution of the printel is not goocl enough to provide a high quality printout. Fol ilstalce, an azimuth line consists of 820 pixels while HP lasel printel can only plint 360 poilts 107
(n 5 F Þ tq Figu.e 5.11: Reconst.uctecl i'rage afte'a fil.ther focusi.g Pr.ocess step. h.nage lepresentation is sante as the one shorr,n iu Figur.e b.10. 108
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INVERSION OF SYNTHETIC APERTUR,E R,
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ñr^-- ltoN. J00NG suN '¿i¡r"r os
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I heleby declale that I am tlie sol
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plot of the maximum amplitude of th
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Contents Abstract Acknowledgements
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6.3.1 Introduction ..151 6.3.2 Digi
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5.1 Florv chart fot the proposecl i
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List of Tables 2,1 Seasat SAR senso
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List of Notations cr squint angle P
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tist of Abbreviatíons SAR Syntheti
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The objectives of this thesis rnay
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Ground Range l;l 2 sin0 Figure 1.2:
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ol'cler to evaluate its full aclvan
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algolithrn extlacts the complex bac
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successful as expected. Thele ale,
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eú ø1. [103]). Similal clevelopme
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aerial plìotogl'aphy ovel the area
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2.2 Spaceborne SAR Systems 1) SEASA
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tlie basis of a distinctive dlainag
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set fol selectecl aleas, useful for
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3) ERS-I The first European rernote
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Table 2.4: ERS-I Ðieterle [104]).
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Table 2.6: ERS-1 SAR pelfolmance re
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Table 2.7: JtrRS-1 olbit pararnetel
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Table 2.9: Chalactelistics of OPS o
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Table 2.11: Specifications of Racla
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Chapten 3 Review of Digital SAR Pro
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,I Figule 3.1: Raclar' L¡earn geom
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I L-=J}"no Figure 3.2: Geouretry fo
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vhich is the clistance across the a
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vlrere ø6 is a angular center fi'e
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à1 äl (a) /1T. or^l - r+ (b) I à
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a,pploxirnated by l2p sinl(I - ltl)
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-s(cu) is rewlitten as s@¡ - !"-,r
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cliscussecl later il this sectio¡r
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Ïon = _2 (V(ro) .V(¿o)+ R(ro) .A(
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: Range Walk : Range Curvatule : Ra
Page 75 and 76: olbital SAR is given by Ion = -'#{t
Page 77 and 78: is constant cluling the receiving p
Page 79 and 80: a at f¡r
Page 81 and 82: 'rvith a foulula developed il this
Page 83 and 84: Chapter 4 Theoretical Development 4
Page 85 and 86: developed and cliscussed by several
Page 87 and 88: vhere u (r,ro; u) : I U 1r,ro,t)e-i
Page 89 and 90: wheÌe k':frf a¡cl lc -_ uf us ant
Page 91 and 92: 4) there is relative motion of ante
Page 93 and 94: o =løo, 0, 0) Figure 4.1: Schemati
Page 95 and 96: elorv that sulface. In genetal, sul
Page 97 and 98: 4.4 The Inversion The equation Eq.(
Page 99 and 100: *'here % is a platfolrn velocity an
Page 101 and 102: The trq.(a.36) cannot be used dilec
Page 103 and 104: vhele Àl is a tvavenurnbel collesp
Page 105 and 106: 2-D FFT o(,b,;ø) Intelpolation in
Page 107 and 108: ¡nE 0$r-sEc, ¡3 I IrlÊ [18- 5EC
Page 109 and 110: 5.2 Digital Simulation Digital sirn
Page 111 and 112: Table 5.2: Moclel palametels fol di
Page 113 and 114: signal and the leconstructe
Page 115 and 116: (3 È. e tc o) o -tl a Slant Range
Page 117 and 118: that the inversiol method can accor
Page 119 and 120: (n t0 Ê) 0c (lr) Figure 5.6: Seasa
Page 121 and 122: 5.3 Processing of Real SAR Data A s
Page 123 and 124: squâre pixel rvith clir¡ension of
Page 125: Aziurutì (n Þ !d !D gc Figule 5.1
Page 129 and 130: over tlìe 2.4 inches as shol¡l i'
Page 131 and 132: Ø Þ :J m (a) (b) ^a ctl _= a"r ro
Page 133 and 134: Chapter 6 SAR fmage Enhancement for
Page 135 and 136: 1) hoiv can the tlends of lineament
Page 137 and 138: 6.2 Determination of Geological Str
Page 139 and 140: Coolclinates for the image space an
Page 141 and 142: Figure 6.2: Point, lines, and hyper
Page 143 and 144: scatteter (e.g. coller leflectols,
Page 145 and 146: Figure 6.5: CCRS's airboure C-band
Page 147 and 148: C-l¡ancl SAR irnagery ovel this al
Page 149 and 150: Figure 6.8: Radon transform of ailb
Page 151 and 152: in the irnage space ancl the Iine i
Page 153 and 154: ERS- 1 N U 0 rl 0o |lO + ,¡l r.l p
Page 156 and 157: 6.2,3 Correlation Using The Radon T
Page 158 and 159: Since the inside of the squale blac
Page 160 and 161: Figule 6.12: Model test for correla
Page 162 and 163: thlough the Radon tlansfolm is shor
Page 164 and 165: Figure 6.15: Airborne C-band SAR da
Page 166 and 167: distinct points can be cliscelnerl
Page 168 and 169: Figure 6.18: Correlation output thr
Page 170 and 171: 6.3 Merging of Multiple SAR Image D
Page 172 and 173: in Figure 6.19 tvhich is a clilect
Page 174 and 175: Figure 6.20: Additive irnages rvith
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Figule 6.22: Subtractive images rvi
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(1) select a clirection to be enhan
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Figure 6.24: Lnage obtained through
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6.3.4 Principal Components Analysis
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Table 6.2: Con'elation coeffrcielt
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Figure 6.27: The PCA frrst componen
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the geological surface lilearrent f
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ackscatte.i'g coefficiert can be cl
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Appendices A. Derivation of Forward
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B. Derivation of Inversion Formula
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C. Derivation using the Method of S
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F[eferences [1] Ahmed, S., \Vallen,
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[20] Curlis, J.D,, Flost, V.S., Del
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[43] Holn, R., 1988, E-SAR - The ex
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[65] Lotrelrl, O., 1990, Dopplel ce
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[87] Pye, 8.G., Nalch'ett,4.J., anc
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[111] \,Vu, C., Balkan,8., I(arplus
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