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(OlveL [86]). Substituting Ðq.(4..3) into Eq.(4..2), rve have ;oeiÍl4 T,-, t t ,/n "f,@_lù"_i(k,r+ttnrt) ,¡r,¡, {J(r.:";r..') - 4",, | * J 1"fi}f"-'r-"*^' (A..4) rvhich is Eq. (4.29) in Section 4.4.
B. Derivation of Inversion Formula The inversion formula Eq.(+.32) is clerivecl as follo*,s. The Eq.(4.29) in Sec tiol 4.4 can l¡e lervlitterr as ;. ,-i1t/4 trìt O(1";.,) - 'i" - ,14- o?."(k",t',,) 4r c.¿ VrA,_,, (8..1) or equivalently oi.ft,,k,,) - -2^/2t 3 c2 "*/n øO(ft";ø) . (8..2) Thus the complex backscattering coefficient ol.(n,, rl) can be easily ol¡tainerì by takilg the two-dirnensional invelse Foulier transforrn of o,!"(k,,,1,,) with lespect to È, ancl É,,. Befole takilg tlle two-dimensional iuverse Fourier transfor.r¡, some special conclitions in processing <strong>SAR</strong> data can be considerecl. It is necessaly to comperrsate fo| the time gap or (2qslc) between the sig'al tÌansmissio' ancl the first arrival by multiplying O(fu"; c.,,) by e-i2no./" . Flon trq.(4.31) in Section 4.4, the fi'equency c,_r is u:u,o*,'-lrpq (8..3) 2v " whele c,:o is the center fi.equency of the tr.ansmittecl signal aucl ø, is a frequelcy rviclth, The range of ø/ is -')î ^ A/D Rate A/D Rate 2--2
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INVERSION OF SYNTHETIC APERTUR,E R,
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ñr^-- ltoN. J00NG suN '¿i¡r"r os
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I heleby declale that I am tlie sol
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plot of the maximum amplitude of th
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Contents Abstract Acknowledgements
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6.3.1 Introduction ..151 6.3.2 Digi
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5.1 Florv chart fot the proposecl i
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List of Tables 2,1 Seasat SAR senso
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List of Notations cr squint angle P
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tist of Abbreviatíons SAR Syntheti
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The objectives of this thesis rnay
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Ground Range l;l 2 sin0 Figure 1.2:
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ol'cler to evaluate its full aclvan
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algolithrn extlacts the complex bac
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successful as expected. Thele ale,
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eú ø1. [103]). Similal clevelopme
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aerial plìotogl'aphy ovel the area
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2.2 Spaceborne SAR Systems 1) SEASA
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tlie basis of a distinctive dlainag
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set fol selectecl aleas, useful for
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3) ERS-I The first European rernote
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Table 2.4: ERS-I Ðieterle [104]).
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Table 2.6: ERS-1 SAR pelfolmance re
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Table 2.7: JtrRS-1 olbit pararnetel
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Table 2.9: Chalactelistics of OPS o
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Table 2.11: Specifications of Racla
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Chapten 3 Review of Digital SAR Pro
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,I Figule 3.1: Raclar' L¡earn geom
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I L-=J}"no Figure 3.2: Geouretry fo
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vhich is the clistance across the a
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vlrere ø6 is a angular center fi'e
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à1 äl (a) /1T. or^l - r+ (b) I à
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a,pploxirnated by l2p sinl(I - ltl)
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-s(cu) is rewlitten as s@¡ - !"-,r
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cliscussecl later il this sectio¡r
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Ïon = _2 (V(ro) .V(¿o)+ R(ro) .A(
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: Range Walk : Range Curvatule : Ra
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olbital SAR is given by Ion = -'#{t
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is constant cluling the receiving p
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a at f¡r
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'rvith a foulula developed il this
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Chapter 4 Theoretical Development 4
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developed and cliscussed by several
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vhere u (r,ro; u) : I U 1r,ro,t)e-i
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wheÌe k':frf a¡cl lc -_ uf us ant
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4) there is relative motion of ante
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o =løo, 0, 0) Figure 4.1: Schemati
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elorv that sulface. In genetal, sul
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4.4 The Inversion The equation Eq.(
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*'here % is a platfolrn velocity an
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The trq.(a.36) cannot be used dilec
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vhele Àl is a tvavenurnbel collesp
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2-D FFT o(,b,;ø) Intelpolation in
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¡nE 0$r-sEc, ¡3 I IrlÊ [18- 5EC
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5.2 Digital Simulation Digital sirn
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Table 5.2: Moclel palametels fol di
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signal and the leconstructe
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(3 È. e tc o) o -tl a Slant Range
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that the inversiol method can accor
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(n t0 Ê) 0c (lr) Figure 5.6: Seasa
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5.3 Processing of Real SAR Data A s
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squâre pixel rvith clir¡ension of
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Aziurutì (n Þ !d !D gc Figule 5.1
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(n 5 F Þ tq Figu.e 5.11: Reconst.u
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over tlìe 2.4 inches as shol¡l i'
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Ø Þ :J m (a) (b) ^a ctl _= a"r ro
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Chapter 6 SAR fmage Enhancement for
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1) hoiv can the tlends of lineament
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6.2 Determination of Geological Str
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Coolclinates for the image space an
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Figure 6.2: Point, lines, and hyper
Page 143 and 144: scatteter (e.g. coller leflectols,
Page 145 and 146: Figure 6.5: CCRS's airboure C-band
Page 147 and 148: C-l¡ancl SAR irnagery ovel this al
Page 149 and 150: Figure 6.8: Radon transform of ailb
Page 151 and 152: in the irnage space ancl the Iine i
Page 153 and 154: ERS- 1 N U 0 rl 0o |lO + ,¡l r.l p
Page 156 and 157: 6.2,3 Correlation Using The Radon T
Page 158 and 159: Since the inside of the squale blac
Page 160 and 161: Figule 6.12: Model test for correla
Page 162 and 163: thlough the Radon tlansfolm is shor
Page 164 and 165: Figure 6.15: Airborne C-band SAR da
Page 166 and 167: distinct points can be cliscelnerl
Page 168 and 169: Figure 6.18: Correlation output thr
Page 170 and 171: 6.3 Merging of Multiple SAR Image D
Page 172 and 173: in Figure 6.19 tvhich is a clilect
Page 174 and 175: Figure 6.20: Additive irnages rvith
Page 176 and 177: Figule 6.22: Subtractive images rvi
Page 178 and 179: (1) select a clirection to be enhan
Page 180 and 181: Figure 6.24: Lnage obtained through
Page 182: 6.3.4 Principal Components Analysis
Page 185 and 186: Table 6.2: Con'elation coeffrcielt
Page 187 and 188: Figure 6.27: The PCA frrst componen
Page 189 and 190: the geological surface lilearrent f
Page 191 and 192: ackscatte.i'g coefficiert can be cl
Page 193: Appendices A. Derivation of Forward
Page 197 and 198: C. Derivation using the Method of S
Page 199 and 200: F[eferences [1] Ahmed, S., \Vallen,
Page 201 and 202: [20] Curlis, J.D,, Flost, V.S., Del
Page 203 and 204: [43] Holn, R., 1988, E-SAR - The ex
Page 205 and 206: [65] Lotrelrl, O., 1990, Dopplel ce
Page 207 and 208: [87] Pye, 8.G., Nalch'ett,4.J., anc
Page 209: [111] \,Vu, C., Balkan,8., I(arplus
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