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Table 5.1: Specifications of CCRS's C/X-band airbolne SAR (Livilgstone et al. 162l). (-)-tsand Å-uand 'Ilansmitter Norninal Altitude Frequency Wavelength PRF/V (Srvatli Moc{e) Chilp length tlecelver Cornpressed pulse width Noise fiErue Antenna Azimuth bearrwidth Elevation bearnrvidth Peak Eain Resolutio¡ Azimuth R.aløe 6 krn 5.30 GHz 5.66 crn 2.32 or 2.57 Hzlnls (Narrorv) (Wide) 7 l.t" 8 ps (Nallow) (Wide) 40 ns 120 ns 5.2 clB 3.7 dB (n-rol.J ( v-rol.J 3.0" 4.2. 20' 29. 24 dR 22 dR (1\al'rorv) ( Wrde) 6m 10m 20m 6m 6km 9.25 GHz 3.24 cm 2.32 or 2.57 Hzf rr'f s (Narrorv) (Wide) i5 ¿¿s 30 ps (Narrow) (Wide) 32 ns 134 ns 5.3 dB 5.2 dB (n-rol. j ( v-rol.J |.4. 1.4 26. 26" 28dB 29 dB (l\ aÌrow) (wlde 6m 6rn 10 rn 20 rn
Table 5.2: Moclel palametels fol digital sirnulations. Scattel'el locationo Scatteler values (Range,Azimuth) AnìÞlltude Phase Ailbolne (5 r 3.513 ) 0 0.0, (513,2049) .0 0.0, (1025,2049) .0 0.0" (1537,2049) .0 0.0" (2049,2049) .0 0.0" (2561,2049) .0 0.0, Seasat (3073,2049) .0 0.0, (3585,2049) ,0 0.0" (1UZÐ,1UZil,) .0tì 90 0' (3073,1025) 0.75 45.00 (3073,3073) 0.50 30.0" Reconstluctecl Phase 88.2' 44.50 29.:t" ocoorclinate in pixel lumbers the rnultiple point scattelel noclel. The rnodel palameters are listed in Tal¡le 5.2. Tlie sirnulated SAR signal ale generated thr.ough a two-clir¡ensional convolution fol each nodel as desclibecl by Wu ef al. 1112]1. The cligital sinrulatiorr fol the airl¡olne SAR systern is canied out rvith a 7024 x 7024 irrput data allay, rvhich covers about 4 krn i¡ slant range ancl 400 m 1t azirnuth. Generally the lalgel azimuth length is includecl in the siraulation, the more extencled frequency spectra in the /-& domain ale obtainecl (Won and Moon [108]). A sirnulated SAR siglal aftel the rârìge corrpression is shorvn il Figure 5.3 (a). A cosine squale function is used as rveighting function in azir¡uth. The reconstructed amplitucle iurage is given in Figur.e 5.3 (b). The input 92
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INVERSION OF SYNTHETIC APERTUR,E R,
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ñr^-- ltoN. J00NG suN '¿i¡r"r os
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I heleby declale that I am tlie sol
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plot of the maximum amplitude of th
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Contents Abstract Acknowledgements
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6.3.1 Introduction ..151 6.3.2 Digi
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5.1 Florv chart fot the proposecl i
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List of Tables 2,1 Seasat SAR senso
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List of Notations cr squint angle P
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tist of Abbreviatíons SAR Syntheti
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The objectives of this thesis rnay
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Ground Range l;l 2 sin0 Figure 1.2:
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ol'cler to evaluate its full aclvan
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algolithrn extlacts the complex bac
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successful as expected. Thele ale,
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eú ø1. [103]). Similal clevelopme
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aerial plìotogl'aphy ovel the area
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2.2 Spaceborne SAR Systems 1) SEASA
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tlie basis of a distinctive dlainag
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set fol selectecl aleas, useful for
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3) ERS-I The first European rernote
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Table 2.4: ERS-I Ðieterle [104]).
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Table 2.6: ERS-1 SAR pelfolmance re
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Table 2.7: JtrRS-1 olbit pararnetel
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Table 2.9: Chalactelistics of OPS o
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Table 2.11: Specifications of Racla
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Chapten 3 Review of Digital SAR Pro
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,I Figule 3.1: Raclar' L¡earn geom
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I L-=J}"no Figure 3.2: Geouretry fo
Page 59 and 60: vhich is the clistance across the a
Page 61 and 62: vlrere ø6 is a angular center fi'e
Page 63 and 64: à1 äl (a) /1T. or^l - r+ (b) I à
Page 65 and 66: a,pploxirnated by l2p sinl(I - ltl)
Page 67 and 68: -s(cu) is rewlitten as s@¡ - !"-,r
Page 69 and 70: cliscussecl later il this sectio¡r
Page 71 and 72: Ïon = _2 (V(ro) .V(¿o)+ R(ro) .A(
Page 73 and 74: : Range Walk : Range Curvatule : Ra
Page 75 and 76: olbital SAR is given by Ion = -'#{t
Page 77 and 78: is constant cluling the receiving p
Page 79 and 80: a at f¡r
Page 81 and 82: 'rvith a foulula developed il this
Page 83 and 84: Chapter 4 Theoretical Development 4
Page 85 and 86: developed and cliscussed by several
Page 87 and 88: vhere u (r,ro; u) : I U 1r,ro,t)e-i
Page 89 and 90: wheÌe k':frf a¡cl lc -_ uf us ant
Page 91 and 92: 4) there is relative motion of ante
Page 93 and 94: o =løo, 0, 0) Figure 4.1: Schemati
Page 95 and 96: elorv that sulface. In genetal, sul
Page 97 and 98: 4.4 The Inversion The equation Eq.(
Page 99 and 100: *'here % is a platfolrn velocity an
Page 101 and 102: The trq.(a.36) cannot be used dilec
Page 103 and 104: vhele Àl is a tvavenurnbel collesp
Page 105 and 106: 2-D FFT o(,b,;ø) Intelpolation in
Page 107 and 108: ¡nE 0$r-sEc, ¡3 I IrlÊ [18- 5EC
Page 109: 5.2 Digital Simulation Digital sirn
Page 113 and 114: signal and the leconstructe
Page 115 and 116: (3 È. e tc o) o -tl a Slant Range
Page 117 and 118: that the inversiol method can accor
Page 119 and 120: (n t0 Ê) 0c (lr) Figure 5.6: Seasa
Page 121 and 122: 5.3 Processing of Real SAR Data A s
Page 123 and 124: squâre pixel rvith clir¡ension of
Page 125 and 126: Aziurutì (n Þ !d !D gc Figule 5.1
Page 127 and 128: (n 5 F Þ tq Figu.e 5.11: Reconst.u
Page 129 and 130: over tlìe 2.4 inches as shol¡l i'
Page 131 and 132: Ø Þ :J m (a) (b) ^a ctl _= a"r ro
Page 133 and 134: Chapter 6 SAR fmage Enhancement for
Page 135 and 136: 1) hoiv can the tlends of lineament
Page 137 and 138: 6.2 Determination of Geological Str
Page 139 and 140: Coolclinates for the image space an
Page 141 and 142: Figure 6.2: Point, lines, and hyper
Page 143 and 144: scatteter (e.g. coller leflectols,
Page 145 and 146: Figure 6.5: CCRS's airboure C-band
Page 147 and 148: C-l¡ancl SAR irnagery ovel this al
Page 149 and 150: Figure 6.8: Radon transform of ailb
Page 151 and 152: in the irnage space ancl the Iine i
Page 153 and 154: ERS- 1 N U 0 rl 0o |lO + ,¡l r.l p
Page 156 and 157: 6.2,3 Correlation Using The Radon T
Page 158 and 159: Since the inside of the squale blac
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Figule 6.12: Model test for correla
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thlough the Radon tlansfolm is shor
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Figure 6.15: Airborne C-band SAR da
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distinct points can be cliscelnerl
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Figure 6.18: Correlation output thr
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6.3 Merging of Multiple SAR Image D
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in Figure 6.19 tvhich is a clilect
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Figure 6.20: Additive irnages rvith
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Figule 6.22: Subtractive images rvi
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(1) select a clirection to be enhan
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Figure 6.24: Lnage obtained through
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6.3.4 Principal Components Analysis
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Table 6.2: Con'elation coeffrcielt
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Figure 6.27: The PCA frrst componen
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the geological surface lilearrent f
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ackscatte.i'g coefficiert can be cl
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Appendices A. Derivation of Forward
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B. Derivation of Inversion Formula
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C. Derivation using the Method of S
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F[eferences [1] Ahmed, S., \Vallen,
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[20] Curlis, J.D,, Flost, V.S., Del
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[43] Holn, R., 1988, E-SAR - The ex
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[65] Lotrelrl, O., 1990, Dopplel ce
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[87] Pye, 8.G., Nalch'ett,4.J., anc
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[111] \,Vu, C., Balkan,8., I(arplus
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