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vith silc-function type lacliatiol patteln. For- a rectangulal antenna witlr climension /1 ancl /2, the approximate expression fol half-porver bearnrviclth ale giveu by Ér, - 0.88], /J," - o.ssl - 11 - Lz (3.2) rvlrere B¡, aÌd Pr2 ate hal{-powel bearnwidth in ladians colresponcling to /1 and /2, respectiveìy (Ulaby ef ø/, [103], p.125). In an irnaging laclar, the azámuth beamwid,th and eleuation beamwid,tl¿ a,-e defined by the half-power l¡earnwiclth of the antenna patteln in along-track (ol aziuuth) ditnensior ancl cross-track (or slant range) dirnensiorì) Ìespectively (Moore [80], pp.a19). Fol both real and synthetic aperture radar systerns, fine resolution in the cross-track direction is achievecl through signal plocessilg (Cook antl Bernfelcl [19]). The funclamental differences between the two systems are the technique used to achieve the azirruth resolution. The azirnuth lesolutiol of leal apelture irnaging radal is dilectly determined by the antenna bearn covelage on the grouncL. The clistance across the antenna beam fol given anterura physical aperture d and radar lange -B is as shown in Figule 3.1 L=pR-:R (3.3) rvhele -L is the clistalce across the antenna beam (also a azirnuth resolution in the real aperture raclar case). Therefore, the finer azimuth lesolution of leal apelture laclar is obtailecl by rnakilg ,L smaller, r,r'hich requires to enlalge the antenna size l. The size of an irnaging ladar is horvever limited if it is to be calried on a spacecraft or aircraft.
,I Figule 3.1: Raclar' L¡earn geometry. In orcler to overcorne the antenna size 1>roblern, synthetic apertule raclal (SAR) was cleveloped. Il SAR, finer resolution in range dimension is achieved by pulse cornpressiol teclinique. Unlike the real apelture raclal case, the azimuth lesolution of SAR, holeveL, is deterrnined by signal processing thlough the Doppler shift analysis. The synthetic alray signal processing ploceclules can plocluce highel resolution images with a stalclarcl antenna. Therefore, techniques irnproving the azimuth resolution has l¡ecome the center of inter'- est ill SAR signal processilg, Ploblerns lelatecl to the azimuth lesolutior are to be examined in the rest of the chapter. The azilnuth resolution of a real apertule radal, Ar,o,, is in propoltion to the antenna illurnination width, ancl it is fi'om Eq.(3.3) -ìn Â¡"o" (3.4) There ale two approaches for SAR data plocessing techniques: one is zr¿- focused, t ecb:nique, ancl the other is /oczsed technique. The focused technique is commonly adopted toclay il SAR processing. The unfocusecl techniclue is d. .1t)
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INVERSION OF SYNTHETIC APERTUR,E R,
Page 3 and 4: ñr^-- ltoN. J00NG suN '¿i¡r"r os
Page 5 and 6: I heleby declale that I am tlie sol
Page 7 and 8: plot of the maximum amplitude of th
Page 9 and 10: Contents Abstract Acknowledgements
Page 11 and 12: 6.3.1 Introduction ..151 6.3.2 Digi
Page 13 and 14: 5.1 Florv chart fot the proposecl i
Page 15 and 16: List of Tables 2,1 Seasat SAR senso
Page 17 and 18: List of Notations cr squint angle P
Page 19 and 20: tist of Abbreviatíons SAR Syntheti
Page 21 and 22: The objectives of this thesis rnay
Page 23 and 24: Ground Range l;l 2 sin0 Figure 1.2:
Page 25 and 26: ol'cler to evaluate its full aclvan
Page 27 and 28: algolithrn extlacts the complex bac
Page 29 and 30: successful as expected. Thele ale,
Page 31 and 32: eú ø1. [103]). Similal clevelopme
Page 33 and 34: aerial plìotogl'aphy ovel the area
Page 35 and 36: 2.2 Spaceborne SAR Systems 1) SEASA
Page 37 and 38: tlie basis of a distinctive dlainag
Page 39 and 40: set fol selectecl aleas, useful for
Page 41 and 42: 3) ERS-I The first European rernote
Page 43 and 44: Table 2.4: ERS-I Ðieterle [104]).
Page 45 and 46: Table 2.6: ERS-1 SAR pelfolmance re
Page 47 and 48: Table 2.7: JtrRS-1 olbit pararnetel
Page 49 and 50: Table 2.9: Chalactelistics of OPS o
Page 51 and 52: Table 2.11: Specifications of Racla
Page 53: Chapten 3 Review of Digital SAR Pro
Page 57 and 58: I L-=J}"no Figure 3.2: Geouretry fo
Page 59 and 60: vhich is the clistance across the a
Page 61 and 62: vlrere ø6 is a angular center fi'e
Page 63 and 64: à1 äl (a) /1T. or^l - r+ (b) I à
Page 65 and 66: a,pploxirnated by l2p sinl(I - ltl)
Page 67 and 68: -s(cu) is rewlitten as s@¡ - !"-,r
Page 69 and 70: cliscussecl later il this sectio¡r
Page 71 and 72: Ïon = _2 (V(ro) .V(¿o)+ R(ro) .A(
Page 73 and 74: : Range Walk : Range Curvatule : Ra
Page 75 and 76: olbital SAR is given by Ion = -'#{t
Page 77 and 78: is constant cluling the receiving p
Page 79 and 80: a at f¡r
Page 81 and 82: 'rvith a foulula developed il this
Page 83 and 84: Chapter 4 Theoretical Development 4
Page 85 and 86: developed and cliscussed by several
Page 87 and 88: vhere u (r,ro; u) : I U 1r,ro,t)e-i
Page 89 and 90: wheÌe k':frf a¡cl lc -_ uf us ant
Page 91 and 92: 4) there is relative motion of ante
Page 93 and 94: o =løo, 0, 0) Figure 4.1: Schemati
Page 95 and 96: elorv that sulface. In genetal, sul
Page 97 and 98: 4.4 The Inversion The equation Eq.(
Page 99 and 100: *'here % is a platfolrn velocity an
Page 101 and 102: The trq.(a.36) cannot be used dilec
Page 103 and 104: vhele Àl is a tvavenurnbel collesp
Page 105 and 106:
2-D FFT o(,b,;ø) Intelpolation in
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¡nE 0$r-sEc, ¡3 I IrlÊ [18- 5EC
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5.2 Digital Simulation Digital sirn
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Table 5.2: Moclel palametels fol di
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signal and the leconstructe
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(3 È. e tc o) o -tl a Slant Range
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that the inversiol method can accor
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(n t0 Ê) 0c (lr) Figure 5.6: Seasa
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5.3 Processing of Real SAR Data A s
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squâre pixel rvith clir¡ension of
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Aziurutì (n Þ !d !D gc Figule 5.1
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(n 5 F Þ tq Figu.e 5.11: Reconst.u
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over tlìe 2.4 inches as shol¡l i'
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Ø Þ :J m (a) (b) ^a ctl _= a"r ro
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Chapter 6 SAR fmage Enhancement for
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1) hoiv can the tlends of lineament
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6.2 Determination of Geological Str
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Coolclinates for the image space an
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Figure 6.2: Point, lines, and hyper
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scatteter (e.g. coller leflectols,
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Figure 6.5: CCRS's airboure C-band
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C-l¡ancl SAR irnagery ovel this al
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Figure 6.8: Radon transform of ailb
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in the irnage space ancl the Iine i
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ERS- 1 N U 0 rl 0o |lO + ,¡l r.l p
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6.2,3 Correlation Using The Radon T
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Since the inside of the squale blac
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Figule 6.12: Model test for correla
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thlough the Radon tlansfolm is shor
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Figure 6.15: Airborne C-band SAR da
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distinct points can be cliscelnerl
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Figure 6.18: Correlation output thr
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6.3 Merging of Multiple SAR Image D
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in Figure 6.19 tvhich is a clilect
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Figure 6.20: Additive irnages rvith
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Figule 6.22: Subtractive images rvi
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(1) select a clirection to be enhan
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Figure 6.24: Lnage obtained through
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6.3.4 Principal Components Analysis
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Table 6.2: Con'elation coeffrcielt
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Figure 6.27: The PCA frrst componen
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the geological surface lilearrent f
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ackscatte.i'g coefficiert can be cl
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Appendices A. Derivation of Forward
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B. Derivation of Inversion Formula
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C. Derivation using the Method of S
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F[eferences [1] Ahmed, S., \Vallen,
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[20] Curlis, J.D,, Flost, V.S., Del
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[43] Holn, R., 1988, E-SAR - The ex
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[65] Lotrelrl, O., 1990, Dopplel ce
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[87] Pye, 8.G., Nalch'ett,4.J., anc
Page 209:
[111] \,Vu, C., Balkan,8., I(arplus
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