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J Figule 3.6: Sensor ancl scatteÌeÌ geornetry for Doppler parametels. wlÌeÌe À is rvavelength of the signal. The instantaneous flequency is gii'eu by 1'f\ J\L):21t (k 1 d0(¿) (3.37) Thus the Doppler shift l¡ecornes 2 dlR(r)l loltl : -Í ,lt = foc * fnnft - to) (3.38) rvhere tlre Doppler frequet¿cA, .fnc, and the Doppler frequettcy rate, /¿p, ale approxirnated by 2 R(¿o) .V(to) JDC = -À--R(rrl (3.3e) 51
Ïon = _2 (V(ro) .V(¿o)+ R(ro) .A(fo)) ì ,lf nc 1' lR(¿")l (3.40) Flom Eq. (3.36) alcl approxirnatecl by Eqs.(3.39) and (3.40), the Doppler phase histoly is o(¿) - o(¿0) + 2r (Íoc(t - t"7 + |toa{t - t")') (3.41) whele L+ Õ(fo): -ïlR(¿.)l (3.42) Thus the Dopplel history represents a linear FM signal in the azimuth dimension centered at /¿¿ having a slope of /¡¡. Consequently the signal along azimuth dimension cal be cornplessed through a matched flltel processing the saure way as the lange pulse cornpression is achieved. However', thele exist some difficulties in applying a matchecl filtel for' the azirnutll cornpression clilectly. An accurate estirnaíion of the Doppler' frequency and the Doppler frequency late usecl for azimuth reference function ale first lecluirecl. In a
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INVERSION OF SYNTHETIC APERTUR,E R,
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ñr^-- ltoN. J00NG suN '¿i¡r"r os
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I heleby declale that I am tlie sol
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plot of the maximum amplitude of th
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Contents Abstract Acknowledgements
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6.3.1 Introduction ..151 6.3.2 Digi
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5.1 Florv chart fot the proposecl i
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List of Tables 2,1 Seasat SAR senso
Page 17 and 18:
List of Notations cr squint angle P
Page 19 and 20: tist of Abbreviatíons SAR Syntheti
Page 21 and 22: The objectives of this thesis rnay
Page 23 and 24: Ground Range l;l 2 sin0 Figure 1.2:
Page 25 and 26: ol'cler to evaluate its full aclvan
Page 27 and 28: algolithrn extlacts the complex bac
Page 29 and 30: successful as expected. Thele ale,
Page 31 and 32: eú ø1. [103]). Similal clevelopme
Page 33 and 34: aerial plìotogl'aphy ovel the area
Page 35 and 36: 2.2 Spaceborne SAR Systems 1) SEASA
Page 37 and 38: tlie basis of a distinctive dlainag
Page 39 and 40: set fol selectecl aleas, useful for
Page 41 and 42: 3) ERS-I The first European rernote
Page 43 and 44: Table 2.4: ERS-I Ðieterle [104]).
Page 45 and 46: Table 2.6: ERS-1 SAR pelfolmance re
Page 47 and 48: Table 2.7: JtrRS-1 olbit pararnetel
Page 49 and 50: Table 2.9: Chalactelistics of OPS o
Page 51 and 52: Table 2.11: Specifications of Racla
Page 53 and 54: Chapten 3 Review of Digital SAR Pro
Page 55 and 56: ,I Figule 3.1: Raclar' L¡earn geom
Page 57 and 58: I L-=J}"no Figure 3.2: Geouretry fo
Page 59 and 60: vhich is the clistance across the a
Page 61 and 62: vlrere ø6 is a angular center fi'e
Page 63 and 64: à1 äl (a) /1T. or^l - r+ (b) I à
Page 65 and 66: a,pploxirnated by l2p sinl(I - ltl)
Page 67 and 68: -s(cu) is rewlitten as s@¡ - !"-,r
Page 69: cliscussecl later il this sectio¡r
Page 73 and 74: : Range Walk : Range Curvatule : Ra
Page 75 and 76: olbital SAR is given by Ion = -'#{t
Page 77 and 78: is constant cluling the receiving p
Page 79 and 80: a at f¡r
Page 81 and 82: 'rvith a foulula developed il this
Page 83 and 84: Chapter 4 Theoretical Development 4
Page 85 and 86: developed and cliscussed by several
Page 87 and 88: vhere u (r,ro; u) : I U 1r,ro,t)e-i
Page 89 and 90: wheÌe k':frf a¡cl lc -_ uf us ant
Page 91 and 92: 4) there is relative motion of ante
Page 93 and 94: o =løo, 0, 0) Figure 4.1: Schemati
Page 95 and 96: elorv that sulface. In genetal, sul
Page 97 and 98: 4.4 The Inversion The equation Eq.(
Page 99 and 100: *'here % is a platfolrn velocity an
Page 101 and 102: The trq.(a.36) cannot be used dilec
Page 103 and 104: vhele Àl is a tvavenurnbel collesp
Page 105 and 106: 2-D FFT o(,b,;ø) Intelpolation in
Page 107 and 108: ¡nE 0$r-sEc, ¡3 I IrlÊ [18- 5EC
Page 109 and 110: 5.2 Digital Simulation Digital sirn
Page 111 and 112: Table 5.2: Moclel palametels fol di
Page 113 and 114: signal and the leconstructe
Page 115 and 116: (3 È. e tc o) o -tl a Slant Range
Page 117 and 118: that the inversiol method can accor
Page 119 and 120: (n t0 Ê) 0c (lr) Figure 5.6: Seasa
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5.3 Processing of Real SAR Data A s
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squâre pixel rvith clir¡ension of
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Aziurutì (n Þ !d !D gc Figule 5.1
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(n 5 F Þ tq Figu.e 5.11: Reconst.u
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over tlìe 2.4 inches as shol¡l i'
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Ø Þ :J m (a) (b) ^a ctl _= a"r ro
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Chapter 6 SAR fmage Enhancement for
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1) hoiv can the tlends of lineament
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6.2 Determination of Geological Str
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Coolclinates for the image space an
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Figure 6.2: Point, lines, and hyper
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scatteter (e.g. coller leflectols,
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Figure 6.5: CCRS's airboure C-band
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C-l¡ancl SAR irnagery ovel this al
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Figure 6.8: Radon transform of ailb
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in the irnage space ancl the Iine i
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ERS- 1 N U 0 rl 0o |lO + ,¡l r.l p
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6.2,3 Correlation Using The Radon T
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Since the inside of the squale blac
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Figule 6.12: Model test for correla
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thlough the Radon tlansfolm is shor
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Figure 6.15: Airborne C-band SAR da
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distinct points can be cliscelnerl
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Figure 6.18: Correlation output thr
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6.3 Merging of Multiple SAR Image D
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in Figure 6.19 tvhich is a clilect
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Figure 6.20: Additive irnages rvith
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Figule 6.22: Subtractive images rvi
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(1) select a clirection to be enhan
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Figure 6.24: Lnage obtained through
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6.3.4 Principal Components Analysis
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Table 6.2: Con'elation coeffrcielt
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Figure 6.27: The PCA frrst componen
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the geological surface lilearrent f
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ackscatte.i'g coefficiert can be cl
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Appendices A. Derivation of Forward
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B. Derivation of Inversion Formula
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C. Derivation using the Method of S
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F[eferences [1] Ahmed, S., \Vallen,
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[20] Curlis, J.D,, Flost, V.S., Del
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[43] Holn, R., 1988, E-SAR - The ex
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[65] Lotrelrl, O., 1990, Dopplel ce
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[87] Pye, 8.G., Nalch'ett,4.J., anc
Page 209:
[111] \,Vu, C., Balkan,8., I(arplus
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