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[55] I(iLk, J.C. Jr., 1975, A discussion of digital processing in synthetic aper.- tule radar', IEEE T,ans. Aerosp. Electron. Syst., v.11, no.3, pp.326-337. (also in the r.eference [56]) [56] I{ovaly, J.J. (ecl.), 1976,,9ynthetic Aperture Rar},ar, Artech House, Inc.. [57] l(r'ishnapulam, R. ancl Casasent, D., 1988, Hough transfolm projections ancl slices fol object discr.imination ancl distoltion estinaliory Applied Optics, v.27, no.16, pp.3451-3460, [58] Li, F.I(., Held, D.N., Curlancler, J.C., ancl !Vu, C., 1985, Doppler parar¡eter estir¡ation for spacebor.ne syntetic aperture radars, IEEE h.ø¡ts. Geosci, Remote Sensing, v.GE-23, no.1. [59] Li, F.K., and Raney, R.K. (ecl.), 1991, ,gpecial sectio¡¿ ot¿ spacebot.ne ratlars for Eartl¿ at¿iL plan etary obseruations, Proc. IEEE, v.7g, no.6, June, pp.773-880. [60] val cle Lindt, W,J., 1977, Digital technique for generatiug synthetic apeltule raclal lnages, IBM J. Res Deuelop., Sept., pp.415-432. [61] [62] [63] [64] Linvingstone, C.E,, Gray,4.L., Hawkins, R.I{., ancl Olsen, R.8., 1987, CCRS C-Band ailborne ratlar': Systern descriptiol and test r.esult, proc. 1lth Can ad,ia¡¿ ,|ymposium on Rem,ote Sensing, Waterloo, Ontario, J:une 22-25,36 p. Linvingst,one, C.8., Gray,4.L., Hawkins, R.I(., ancl Olsen, R.8., 1988, CCRS C/X-Bancl ailborne synthetic apeltur.e raclar: An R and D tool for the ÐRS-1 time frarne, IEEE Aeroslt. Electro¡¿. Syst. Magazine,, October., pp.11-16. Loclge, D.W.S., 1983, Expelience of bathyrnetry on SEASAT synthetic raclar irnages: in ,ïatellite Miu'ouaue Remote ,gensittg (T.D. Allan ecl.), Ellis Horrvood Ltcl., pp.247 -260. Loer,velthal, D., Lu, L., Rober.son, R., ancl Shelrvood, J., 1926, The wave equatiol applied to migration, Geophysi,cal Prosqtecting, v.24, pp.B80- 399. i85
[65] Lotrelrl, O., 1990, Dopplel centeloicl estirnation rvith I(alman filter.s, P ro c. I G A R,9,9' 90, Washingtol, pp. 1 309- I 3 1 2. [66] Lowman, P.D., Jr'., Halris, J., Masuoka, P.M., Singhloy, V.H., alcl S- laney, V.R., 1987, Shuttle irnaging r.aclar (SIR-B) investigations of the Canaclian Shield: initial rcpotf,,, IEEE T¡,ans. Geosci. Remote,9ensing, .i',25, no.1, pp.55-65. [67] Lorvrnan, P.D., 1991, Or.iginal shape of the Suclbury structure, Canacla: a stucly with aill¡orne imaging racìar, Cat¿adi,an J. Remote ,gensin g, v,I7 , no.2, pp.152-161. [68] MacDonald, H.C., 1969, Geologic evaluation of radar imager.y fionr Dalien Plovince, Panarna, Morern, Geol,, v.1, pp.1-63. [69] [70] Madsen, S.N., 1989, Estimating the Doppler centr.oicl of <strong>SAR</strong> clata, IEEE Trans, A ero s¡t. Electro ¡¿. Sg st,,, v.25, 1o, 2, pp. 1 34- 140, Madsen, S.N., Christensen, 8.L., and Dall, J., 1991, The Danish <strong>SAR</strong> systern: design and initial tests, IEEE Tra¡¿s. Geosci, Electron., v.2g, no.3, pp.417-426. [71] Magnus, W. and Oberliettinger, F., 7949, Formulas and, Theorems for the Fut¿ctio¡¿s of Mathematical Physics, Chelsea Pub. Co., pp.11B. [72] [73] Marconi, G, 7922, Radio telegraphy, Proc. IRE, v .70, y>p.2JT . Ma'-coni, D., 1982, My Futher Marconi, Bahnui,- Books Pub. Co. [74] Maltinson, L., i975, A plogramrnrlable cligital processor fol airborne ta.tlat, Proc. IEEE I¡¿t. Rad.ar Conf., pp.186-1g1. [75] [76] Masuoka, P.M., Hauis, J., Lorvrnan, P.D., Jr., ald Blodget, H.W., 1982, Digital plocessing of orbital r.aclal clata to enhalce geologic str.ucture: exarnples from the Canaclian Sllìe|d, Photogrammetr. Eng. Remote ,gensutg,, v.54, 1o.5, pp.621-632. McCauley, J.F., Schaber, G.G., Breecl, C.S., Grolier', M.J., Haynes, C.V., Issawi,8., Ðlachi, C., Blom, R., 1982, Subsurface valleys and geoarcheology of tlre easteln Sahara revealed by Shuttle rarlat, ,gciettce, v.JI8, pp.1004-1020. 186
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INVERSION OF SYNTHETIC APERTUR,E R,
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ñr^-- ltoN. J00NG suN '¿i¡r"r os
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I heleby declale that I am tlie sol
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plot of the maximum amplitude of th
Page 9 and 10:
Contents Abstract Acknowledgements
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6.3.1 Introduction ..151 6.3.2 Digi
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5.1 Florv chart fot the proposecl i
Page 15 and 16:
List of Tables 2,1 Seasat SAR senso
Page 17 and 18:
List of Notations cr squint angle P
Page 19 and 20:
tist of Abbreviatíons SAR Syntheti
Page 21 and 22:
The objectives of this thesis rnay
Page 23 and 24:
Ground Range l;l 2 sin0 Figure 1.2:
Page 25 and 26:
ol'cler to evaluate its full aclvan
Page 27 and 28:
algolithrn extlacts the complex bac
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successful as expected. Thele ale,
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eú ø1. [103]). Similal clevelopme
Page 33 and 34:
aerial plìotogl'aphy ovel the area
Page 35 and 36:
2.2 Spaceborne SAR Systems 1) SEASA
Page 37 and 38:
tlie basis of a distinctive dlainag
Page 39 and 40:
set fol selectecl aleas, useful for
Page 41 and 42:
3) ERS-I The first European rernote
Page 43 and 44:
Table 2.4: ERS-I Ðieterle [104]).
Page 45 and 46:
Table 2.6: ERS-1 SAR pelfolmance re
Page 47 and 48:
Table 2.7: JtrRS-1 olbit pararnetel
Page 49 and 50:
Table 2.9: Chalactelistics of OPS o
Page 51 and 52:
Table 2.11: Specifications of Racla
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Chapten 3 Review of Digital SAR Pro
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,I Figule 3.1: Raclar' L¡earn geom
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I L-=J}"no Figure 3.2: Geouretry fo
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vhich is the clistance across the a
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vlrere ø6 is a angular center fi'e
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à1 äl (a) /1T. or^l - r+ (b) I à
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a,pploxirnated by l2p sinl(I - ltl)
Page 67 and 68:
-s(cu) is rewlitten as s@¡ - !"-,r
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cliscussecl later il this sectio¡r
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Ïon = _2 (V(ro) .V(¿o)+ R(ro) .A(
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: Range Walk : Range Curvatule : Ra
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olbital SAR is given by Ion = -'#{t
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is constant cluling the receiving p
Page 79 and 80:
a at f¡r
Page 81 and 82:
'rvith a foulula developed il this
Page 83 and 84:
Chapter 4 Theoretical Development 4
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developed and cliscussed by several
Page 87 and 88:
vhere u (r,ro; u) : I U 1r,ro,t)e-i
Page 89 and 90:
wheÌe k':frf a¡cl lc -_ uf us ant
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4) there is relative motion of ante
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o =løo, 0, 0) Figure 4.1: Schemati
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elorv that sulface. In genetal, sul
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4.4 The Inversion The equation Eq.(
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*'here % is a platfolrn velocity an
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The trq.(a.36) cannot be used dilec
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vhele Àl is a tvavenurnbel collesp
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2-D FFT o(,b,;ø) Intelpolation in
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¡nE 0$r-sEc, ¡3 I IrlÊ [18- 5EC
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5.2 Digital Simulation Digital sirn
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Table 5.2: Moclel palametels fol di
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signal and the leconstructe
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(3 È. e tc o) o -tl a Slant Range
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that the inversiol method can accor
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(n t0 Ê) 0c (lr) Figure 5.6: Seasa
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5.3 Processing of Real SAR Data A s
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squâre pixel rvith clir¡ension of
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Aziurutì (n Þ !d !D gc Figule 5.1
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(n 5 F Þ tq Figu.e 5.11: Reconst.u
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over tlìe 2.4 inches as shol¡l i'
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Ø Þ :J m (a) (b) ^a ctl _= a"r ro
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Chapter 6 SAR fmage Enhancement for
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1) hoiv can the tlends of lineament
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6.2 Determination of Geological Str
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Coolclinates for the image space an
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Figure 6.2: Point, lines, and hyper
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scatteter (e.g. coller leflectols,
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Figure 6.5: CCRS's airboure C-band
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C-l¡ancl SAR irnagery ovel this al
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Figure 6.8: Radon transform of ailb
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in the irnage space ancl the Iine i
Page 153 and 154: ERS- 1 N U 0 rl 0o |lO + ,¡l r.l p
Page 156 and 157: 6.2,3 Correlation Using The Radon T
Page 158 and 159: Since the inside of the squale blac
Page 160 and 161: Figule 6.12: Model test for correla
Page 162 and 163: thlough the Radon tlansfolm is shor
Page 164 and 165: Figure 6.15: Airborne C-band SAR da
Page 166 and 167: distinct points can be cliscelnerl
Page 168 and 169: Figure 6.18: Correlation output thr
Page 170 and 171: 6.3 Merging of Multiple SAR Image D
Page 172 and 173: in Figure 6.19 tvhich is a clilect
Page 174 and 175: Figure 6.20: Additive irnages rvith
Page 176 and 177: Figule 6.22: Subtractive images rvi
Page 178 and 179: (1) select a clirection to be enhan
Page 180 and 181: Figure 6.24: Lnage obtained through
Page 182: 6.3.4 Principal Components Analysis
Page 185 and 186: Table 6.2: Con'elation coeffrcielt
Page 187 and 188: Figure 6.27: The PCA frrst componen
Page 189 and 190: the geological surface lilearrent f
Page 191 and 192: ackscatte.i'g coefficiert can be cl
Page 193 and 194: Appendices A. Derivation of Forward
Page 195 and 196: B. Derivation of Inversion Formula
Page 197 and 198: C. Derivation using the Method of S
Page 199 and 200: F[eferences [1] Ahmed, S., \Vallen,
Page 201 and 202: [20] Curlis, J.D,, Flost, V.S., Del
Page 203: [43] Holn, R., 1988, E-SAR - The ex
Page 207 and 208: [87] Pye, 8.G., Nalch'ett,4.J., anc
Page 209: [111] \,Vu, C., Balkan,8., I(arplus
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