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Table 2.5: Geophysical measuLements and trRS-1 perfonnance paraueters (Duchossois [27]). Measulement Rarge Accuracv nstlument w rncl -t relcl Velocity Di'..ectiolr wave -t relcl - Wave Height 4-24nfs 12 nf s ot 10To (bigger one) 0 - 360, +20' Scatterorneter & Altimeter Scatterometer 1-20m *0.9 m or 10% Altimeter (biggel oue) - Wave Direction 0 - 360" +15', AMI - Wavelenetlì 50 - 1000 rn 20% (Wave mocle) Earth ImasinE 700 ktn 30x30m AMI Altitude - Over Ocean - Polal lce-Sheets Satellite Range Sea Surface Temp. 'Water Vapor 745 - 825 km 2 m absolute t10 crn lelative 110 crn 500 Ar¿ srvath +0.5 I( in 25 frr¿ spot 10% Altirnetel PRARE ATSR(rR) Sounclel (M)
Table 2.6: ERS-1 <strong>SAR</strong> pelfolmance requilernents (Atterna [3]). Pararneter Altitucte Frequency Polalization Peak RF Power Spatial Resolution - along track - cl'oss track Data Rates Integrated sidelol¡e ratio Racliornetric Resolution Swath width Elevation Beamrvidth Azimuth Bearnrviclth Localization accuracy along tlack - cross track lnaoe Mode Wave Mode 745 5.3 GHz (C-bancl) VV 4kw 28 In 26m 105 Mb/s 0.345 Mb/s -12 dB 1.83 dB 1.73 clB 700 km 6 km 5.4' 0.288' 0.35 åm 0.12 km
Page 1 and 2: INVERSION OF SYNTHETIC APERTUR,E R,
Page 3 and 4: ñr^-- ltoN. J00NG suN '¿i¡r"r os
Page 5 and 6: I heleby declale that I am tlie sol
Page 7 and 8: plot of the maximum amplitude of th
Page 9 and 10: Contents Abstract Acknowledgements
Page 11 and 12: 6.3.1 Introduction ..151 6.3.2 Digi
Page 13 and 14: 5.1 Florv chart fot the proposecl i
Page 15 and 16: List of Tables 2,1 Seasat SAR senso
Page 17 and 18: List of Notations cr squint angle P
Page 19 and 20: tist of Abbreviatíons SAR Syntheti
Page 21 and 22: The objectives of this thesis rnay
Page 23 and 24: Ground Range l;l 2 sin0 Figure 1.2:
Page 25 and 26: ol'cler to evaluate its full aclvan
Page 27 and 28: algolithrn extlacts the complex bac
Page 29 and 30: successful as expected. Thele ale,
Page 31 and 32: eú ø1. [103]). Similal clevelopme
Page 33 and 34: aerial plìotogl'aphy ovel the area
Page 35 and 36: 2.2 Spaceborne SAR Systems 1) SEASA
Page 37 and 38: tlie basis of a distinctive dlainag
Page 39 and 40: set fol selectecl aleas, useful for
Page 41 and 42: 3) ERS-I The first European rernote
Page 43: Table 2.4: ERS-I Ðieterle [104]).
Page 47 and 48: Table 2.7: JtrRS-1 olbit pararnetel
Page 49 and 50: Table 2.9: Chalactelistics of OPS o
Page 51 and 52: Table 2.11: Specifications of Racla
Page 53 and 54: Chapten 3 Review of Digital SAR Pro
Page 55 and 56: ,I Figule 3.1: Raclar' L¡earn geom
Page 57 and 58: I L-=J}"no Figure 3.2: Geouretry fo
Page 59 and 60: vhich is the clistance across the a
Page 61 and 62: vlrere ø6 is a angular center fi'e
Page 63 and 64: à1 äl (a) /1T. or^l - r+ (b) I à
Page 65 and 66: a,pploxirnated by l2p sinl(I - ltl)
Page 67 and 68: -s(cu) is rewlitten as s@¡ - !"-,r
Page 69 and 70: cliscussecl later il this sectio¡r
Page 71 and 72: Ïon = _2 (V(ro) .V(¿o)+ R(ro) .A(
Page 73 and 74: : Range Walk : Range Curvatule : Ra
Page 75 and 76: olbital SAR is given by Ion = -'#{t
Page 77 and 78: is constant cluling the receiving p
Page 79 and 80: a at f¡r
Page 81 and 82: 'rvith a foulula developed il this
Page 83 and 84: Chapter 4 Theoretical Development 4
Page 85 and 86: developed and cliscussed by several
Page 87 and 88: vhere u (r,ro; u) : I U 1r,ro,t)e-i
Page 89 and 90: wheÌe k':frf a¡cl lc -_ uf us ant
Page 91 and 92: 4) there is relative motion of ante
Page 93 and 94: o =løo, 0, 0) Figure 4.1: Schemati
Page 95 and 96:
elorv that sulface. In genetal, sul
Page 97 and 98:
4.4 The Inversion The equation Eq.(
Page 99 and 100:
*'here % is a platfolrn velocity an
Page 101 and 102:
The trq.(a.36) cannot be used dilec
Page 103 and 104:
vhele Àl is a tvavenurnbel collesp
Page 105 and 106:
2-D FFT o(,b,;ø) Intelpolation in
Page 107 and 108:
¡nE 0$r-sEc, ¡3 I IrlÊ [18- 5EC
Page 109 and 110:
5.2 Digital Simulation Digital sirn
Page 111 and 112:
Table 5.2: Moclel palametels fol di
Page 113 and 114:
signal and the leconstructe
Page 115 and 116:
(3 È. e tc o) o -tl a Slant Range
Page 117 and 118:
that the inversiol method can accor
Page 119 and 120:
(n t0 Ê) 0c (lr) Figure 5.6: Seasa
Page 121 and 122:
5.3 Processing of Real SAR Data A s
Page 123 and 124:
squâre pixel rvith clir¡ension of
Page 125 and 126:
Aziurutì (n Þ !d !D gc Figule 5.1
Page 127 and 128:
(n 5 F Þ tq Figu.e 5.11: Reconst.u
Page 129 and 130:
over tlìe 2.4 inches as shol¡l i'
Page 131 and 132:
Ø Þ :J m (a) (b) ^a ctl _= a"r ro
Page 133 and 134:
Chapter 6 SAR fmage Enhancement for
Page 135 and 136:
1) hoiv can the tlends of lineament
Page 137 and 138:
6.2 Determination of Geological Str
Page 139 and 140:
Coolclinates for the image space an
Page 141 and 142:
Figure 6.2: Point, lines, and hyper
Page 143 and 144:
scatteter (e.g. coller leflectols,
Page 145 and 146:
Figure 6.5: CCRS's airboure C-band
Page 147 and 148:
C-l¡ancl SAR irnagery ovel this al
Page 149 and 150:
Figure 6.8: Radon transform of ailb
Page 151 and 152:
in the irnage space ancl the Iine i
Page 153 and 154:
ERS- 1 N U 0 rl 0o |lO + ,¡l r.l p
Page 156 and 157:
6.2,3 Correlation Using The Radon T
Page 158 and 159:
Since the inside of the squale blac
Page 160 and 161:
Figule 6.12: Model test for correla
Page 162 and 163:
thlough the Radon tlansfolm is shor
Page 164 and 165:
Figure 6.15: Airborne C-band SAR da
Page 166 and 167:
distinct points can be cliscelnerl
Page 168 and 169:
Figure 6.18: Correlation output thr
Page 170 and 171:
6.3 Merging of Multiple SAR Image D
Page 172 and 173:
in Figure 6.19 tvhich is a clilect
Page 174 and 175:
Figure 6.20: Additive irnages rvith
Page 176 and 177:
Figule 6.22: Subtractive images rvi
Page 178 and 179:
(1) select a clirection to be enhan
Page 180 and 181:
Figure 6.24: Lnage obtained through
Page 182:
6.3.4 Principal Components Analysis
Page 185 and 186:
Table 6.2: Con'elation coeffrcielt
Page 187 and 188:
Figure 6.27: The PCA frrst componen
Page 189 and 190:
the geological surface lilearrent f
Page 191 and 192:
ackscatte.i'g coefficiert can be cl
Page 193 and 194:
Appendices A. Derivation of Forward
Page 195 and 196:
B. Derivation of Inversion Formula
Page 197 and 198:
C. Derivation using the Method of S
Page 199 and 200:
F[eferences [1] Ahmed, S., \Vallen,
Page 201 and 202:
[20] Curlis, J.D,, Flost, V.S., Del
Page 203 and 204:
[43] Holn, R., 1988, E-SAR - The ex
Page 205 and 206:
[65] Lotrelrl, O., 1990, Dopplel ce
Page 207 and 208:
[87] Pye, 8.G., Nalch'ett,4.J., anc
Page 209:
[111] \,Vu, C., Balkan,8., I(arplus
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