Oil and Gas at Your Door? (2005 Edition) - Earthworks

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Oil and Gas Development and Impacts Maintenance Procedures Production wells require ongoing maintenance, such as replacing worn or malfunctioning equipment and painting and cleaning the equipment. Periodically,oil and gas operations require significant maintenance, called workovers. During a workover several tasks may be undertaken such as: repairing leaks in the casing or tubing; stimulating the well; perforating a different section of casing to produce from a different formation in the well; applying corrosion-prevention compounds; and removing accumulated salts (scale) and paraffin from production tubing, gathering lines, and valves. Oil and Gas Processing, Refining and Transportation There are a host of issues related to large oil and natural gas processing facilities, refineries and pipelines. It is beyond the scope of this guide to go into detail on all of the issues related to oil or gas once it leaves a surface owner’s property. For more information, refer to the resources in Chapter V. I-24 FIGURE I-18. SURFACE DISTURBANCE CREATED BY PIPELINE CORRIDORS
STAGES OF OIL & GAS DEVELOPMENT PRODUCTION STAGE—ISSUES AND IMPACTS Surface Disturbance • Additional land disturbance may occur as a result of the construction of production facilities and infrastructure such as compressors, pipelines, etc. • Reclamation of areas disturbed during the drilling process should be conducted during the production stage. This is known as interim reclamation. Air Pollution There are a number of pollutants that are associated with the production stage. These include volatile organic compounds (VOCs), nitrogen oxides, sulfur dioxide, carbon monoxide, benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, xylene, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, hydrogen sulfide, particulate matter, ozone and methane. For more information on these air emissions, read about Impacts Associated with Oil and Gas Operations. In 2001, the oil and gas industry in the U.S. vented and flared about 86 billion cubic feet of gas. 117 Not only do venting and flaring waste natural gas (which should be a concern for mineral owner who would have received royalties on the gas), these emissions also contribute to air pollution and greenhouse gases in the atmosphere. Venting of natural gas may occur during: • Well testing. • Oil and gas processing. Solution gases from oil wells, batteries or tanks, and natural gas from compressor vents, instrument gas stations, pneumatic devices, dehydrators and storage tanks may be intentionally or unintentionally released. • Pipeline maintenance operations. Prior to any work on a pipeline, gases in the line are purged and may be vented directly to the atmosphere. Flaring of natural gas may occur during: • Well testing. • Cavitation and hydraulic fracturing (see flareless completions in the section on Alternative Technologies and Practices later in this chapter) • Oil processing. It occurs at batteries where oil is processed and stored. These flares burn constantly, because gas is a by-product of oil production. Known as solution gas, this gas is the largest source of flaring in Alberta, Canada. 118 • Gas processing. At processing plants, gas by-products that have no market are burned off. Gas may also be flared during emergency situations. • Pipeline maintenance operations. Prior to work on a pipeline, gases in the line are purged and may be flared. FIGURE I-19. VENTING OF GAS WELL Source of methane, a greenhouse gas. FIGURE I-20. FLARING DURING COMPLETION OF A COALBED METHANE WELL. Photo by OGAP. It has been argued that flaring is better than allowing the gases to be vented directly into the atmosphere because of the health threats posed by some of these substances (e.g., H 2 S). While it is true that flaring can I-25
Page 1 and 2: Oil and Gas at Your Door? A Landown
Page 3 and 4: About the Oil & Gas Accountability
Page 5 and 6: Table of Contents Introduction What
Page 7 and 8: Chapter III, Tips for Landowners Wh
Page 9 and 10: Introduction Oil and gas developmen
Page 11 and 12: For the oil we need, unless we choo
Page 13 and 14: With the recent boom in extraction
Page 15 and 16: Do you own the minerals associated
Page 17 and 18: Chapter I Oil and Gas Development a
Page 19 and 20: TERMS AND CONCEPTS When natural gas
Page 21 and 22: STAGES OF OIL & GAS DEVELOPMENT In
Page 23 and 24: STAGES OF OIL & GAS DEVELOPMENT •
Page 25 and 26: STAGES OF OIL & GAS DEVELOPMENT FIG
Page 29 and 30: STAGES OF OIL & GAS DEVELOPMENT Sur
Page 31 and 32: STAGES OF OIL & GAS DEVELOPMENT pan
Page 33 and 34: STAGES OF OIL & GAS DEVELOPMENT Nex
Page 35 and 36: STAGES OF OIL & GAS DEVELOPMENT One
Page 37 and 38: STAGES OF OIL & GAS DEVELOPMENT Gat
Page 39: STAGES OF OIL & GAS DEVELOPMENT Pro
Page 43 and 44: STAGES OF OIL & GAS DEVELOPMENT pro
Page 45 and 46: STAGES OF OIL & GAS DEVELOPMENT Plu
Page 49 and 50: NON CONVENTIONAL OIL AND GAS FIGURE
Page 51 and 52: NON CONVENTIONAL OIL AND GAS COALBE
Page 53 and 54: NON CONVENTIONAL OIL AND GAS Cavita
Page 55 and 56: NON CONVENTIONAL OIL AND GAS to pro
Page 57 and 58: IMPACTS ASSOCIATED WITH OIL AND GAS
Page 79 and 80: ALTERNATIVE TECHNOLOGIES AND PRACTI
Page 81 and 82: ALTERNATIVE TECHNOLOGIES AND PRACTI
Page 83 and 84: STAGES OF OIL & GAS DEVELOPMENT The
Page 85 and 86: STAGES OF OIL & GAS DEVELOPMENT to
Page 87 and 88: STAGES OF OIL & GAS DEVELOPMENT FIG
Page 89 and 90: Chapter II Legal and Regulatory Iss
Page 91 and 92:
Who Owns the Minerals Beneath Your
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WHO OWNS THE MINERALS BENEATH YOUR
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MINERAL VS SURFACE RIGHTS er, can b
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MINERAL VS SURFACE RIGHTS • In th
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REGULATIONS AND SURFACE OWNER PROTE
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Exploration Before a company can en
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Page 105 and 106:
Page 107 and 108:
Page 109 and 110:
Other Protections Statutes and regu
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face owner to participate in this o
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Chapter III Tips for Landowners WHA
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SURFACE USE AGREEMENTS Surface Use
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SURFACE USE AGREEMENTS Powder River
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SURFACE USE AGREEMENTS operations t
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SURFACE USE AGREEMENTS ment payment
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SURFACE USE AGREEMENTS Reported Com
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SURFACE USE AGREEMENTS Examples of
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SURFACE USE AGREEMENTS ed by this A
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SURFACE USE AGREEMENTS 12. Dry Hole
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SURFACE USE AGREEMENTS 25. Firearms
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SURFACE USE AGREEMENTS in whole or
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LEASING Annual Reclamation Requirem
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LEASING • Within the mineral leas
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LEASING • Requiring landowner app
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OTHER ACTIVITIES TO CONSIDER Push f
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OTHER ACTIVITIES TO CONSIDER analys
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FILE LAWSUITS amendment also requir
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FILE LAWSUITS Landowners are Winnin
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Chapter IV Landowner Stories As has
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1. CBM DESTROYS RETIREMENT DREAM By
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has never been a loss of vegetation
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Board came. They accused her of pou
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4. COUNTY OFFICIALS SAY RESIDENTS I
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First, why we did not sign a surfac
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Here is part of a description of on
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cases the agents called and visited
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10. ONE RANCH FAMILY’S STRUGGLE W
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shrubs are now roads, drill pads or
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County and the drilling company to
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opment in their backyards. This is
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After reading Colborn’s memo, I t
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17. WYOMING LANDOWNERS FACE CONDEMN
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involved in a private property issu
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Sources of Information Resources on
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Sources of Information Petroleum Te
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Sources of Information East of Huaj
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Sources of Information NONPROFIT OR
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Sources of Information Native Actio
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Sources of Information STATE REGULA
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Glossary of Oil and Gas Terms A aba
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chain of title Recorded transfers (
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egress The act of getting out or le
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H heavy oil Hydrocarbons composed o
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mineral estate The ownership of min
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petroleum A substance occurring nat
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einjection The introduction of prod
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sour gas Natural gas containing sig
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venting release of gases to atmosph
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Endnotes 1 Thomas, K. 2001. Produce
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57 U.S. EPA. October, 2000. p. 38.
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121 Griffiths, Mary and Marr-Laing,
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187 Kuuskraa, Vello A. (Advanced Re
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236 Otsego County Planning Commissi
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287 USGS. 1997. See endnote 284. 28
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354 Trujillo, Shirena. August 27, 2
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Oklahoma: Oklahoma Statutes. 52-4-3
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Financial Assurance - Colorado: Col
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470 Scheider, Keith. “Ax the $Bil
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Index I-31, I-33, I-60, I-63 conven
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Index mitigation I-31, IV-20 monito
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Index I-52, I-65, III-10 treatment
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